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Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (
Greek
:
Ἀ
λέξανδρος
ὁ
Μέγας
,
Aléxandros o Mégas
iii[›]
), was a
Greek
king of
Macedon
, a state in northern
ancient Greece
. Born in
Pella
in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by
Aristotle
until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the
ancient world
, stretching from the
Ionian Sea
to the
Himalayas
. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.
[1]
Alexander succeeded his father,
Philip II of Macedon
, to the throne in 336 BC after Philip was assassinated. Upon Philip's death, Alexander inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. He was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's military expansion plans. In 334 BC, he invaded
Persian
-ruled
Asia Minor
and began a
series of campaigns
that lasted ten years. Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of
Issus
and
Gaugamela
. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King
Darius III
and conquered the entirety of the
Persian Empire
.
i[›]
At that point, his empire stretched from the
Adriatic Sea
to the
Indus River
.
Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he
invaded India
in 326 BC, but was eventually forced to turn back at the demand of his troops. Alexander died in
Babylon
in 323 BC, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of
Arabia
. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the
Diadochi
, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs.
Alexander's legacy includes the
cultural diffusion
his conquests engendered. He founded some
twenty cities that bore his name
, most notably
Alexandria
in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new
Hellenistic civilization
, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the
Byzantine Empire
in the mid-15th century. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of
Achilles
, and he features prominently in the history and myth of Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and
military academies
throughout the world still teach his tactics
Lineage and childhood</SPAN>
Alexander was born on the 6th day of the ancient Greek month of
Hekatombaion
, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is not known,[in
Pella
, the capital of the Ancient Greek
Kingdom of Macedon
. He was the son of the king of Macedon,
Philip II
, and his fourth wife,
Olympias
, the daughter of
Neoptolemus I
, king of
Epirus
.[Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely a result of giving birth to Alexander.[
Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood. According to the ancient Greek biographer
Plutarch
, Olympias, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to Philip, dreamed that her womb was struck by a thunder bolt, causing a flame that spread "far and wide" before dying away. Some time after the wedding, Philip is said to have seen himself, in a dream, securing his wife's womb with a
seal
engraved with a lion's image. Plutarch offered a variety of interpretations of these dreams: that Olympias was pregnant before her marriage, indicated by the sealing of her womb; or that Alexander's father was
Zeus
. Ancient commentators were divided about whether the ambitious Olympias promulgated the story of Alexander's divine parentage, variously claiming that she had told Alexander, or that she dismissed the suggestion as impious.
On the day that Alexander was born, Philip was preparing a
siege
on the city of
Potidea
on the peninsula of
Chalcidice
. That same day, Philip received news that his general
Parmenion
had defeated the combined
Illyrian
and
Paeonian
armies, and that his horses had won at the
Olympic Games
. It was also said that on this day, the
Temple of Artemis
in
Ephesus
, one of the
Seven Wonders of the World
, burnt down. This led
Hegesias of Magnesia
to say that it had burnt down because
Artemis
was away, attending the birth of Alexander. Such legends may have emerged when Alexander was king, and possibly at his own instigation, to show that he was superhuman and destined for greatness from conception.[
In his early years, Alexander was raised by a nurse,
Lanike
, sister of Alexander's future general
Cleitus the Black
. Later in his childhood, Alexander was tutored by the strict
Leonidas
, a relative of his mother, and by Philip's general
Lysimachus
. Alexander was raised in the manner of noble Macedonian youths, learning to read, play the
lyre
, ride, fight, and hunt.[
When Alexander was ten years old, a trader from
Thessaly
brought Philip a horse, which he offered to sell for thirteen
talents
. The horse refused to be mounted and Philip ordered it away. Alexander however, detecting the horse's fear of its own shadow, asked to tame the horse, which he eventually managed. Plutarch stated that Philip, overjoyed at this display of courage and ambition, kissed his son tearfully, declaring: "My boy, you must find a kingdom big enough for your ambitions. Macedon is too small for you", and bought the horse for him.
[14]
Alexander named it
Bucephalas
, meaning "ox-head". Bucephalas carried Alexander as far as India. When the animal died (due to old age, according to Plutarch, at age thirty), Alexander named a city after him,
Bucephala
.[
A
dolescence and education
When Alexander was 13, Philip began to search for a
tutor
, and considered such academics as
Isocrates
and
Speusippus
, the latter offering to resign to take up the post. In the end, Philip chose
Aristotle
and provided the Temple of the Nymphs at
Mieza
as a classroom. In return for teaching Alexander, Philip agreed to rebuild Aristotle's hometown of
Stageira
, which Philip had razed, and to repopulate it by buying and freeing the ex-citizens who were slaves, or pardoning those who were in exile
]
Mieza was like a boarding school for Alexander and the children of Macedonian nobles, such as
Ptolemy
,
Hephaistion
, and
Cassander
. Many of these students would become his friends and future generals, and are often known as the 'Companions'. Aristotle taught Alexander and his companions about medicine, philosophy, morals, religion, logic, and art. Under Aristotle's tutelage, Alexander developed a passion for the works of
Homer
, and in particular the
Iliad
; Aristotle gave him an annotated copy,
which Alexander later carried on his campaigns.
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