الموضوع
:
أعظم الناس:ما سر عظمتهم!!..وهل لليتم دور في العظمة؟
عرض مشاركة واحدة
02-13-2012, 10:09 AM
المشاركة
14
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
تابع الاسكندر الاكبر
Influence on Rome
Alexander and his exploits were admired by many Romans, especially generals, who wanted to associate themselves with his achievements.
[212]
Polybius
began his
Histories
by reminding Romans of Alexander's achievements, and thereafter Roman leaders saw him as a role model.
Pompey the Great
adopted the epithet "Magnus" and even Alexander's anatole-type haircut, and searched the conquered lands of the east for Alexander's 260-year-old cloak, which he then wore as a sign of greatness.
[212]
Julius Caesar
dedicated an
Lysippean
equestrian
bronze
statue but replaced Alexander's head with his own, while
Octavian
visited Alexander's tomb in Alxenadria and temporarily changed his seal from a
sphinx
to Alexander's profile.
[212]
The emperor
Trajan
also admired Alexander, as did
Nero
and
Caracalla
.
[212]
The Macriani, a Roman family that in the person of
Macrinus
briefly ascended to the imperial throne, kept images of Alexander on their persons, either on jewelry, or embroidered into their clothes.
[213]
On the other hand, some Roman writers, particularly Republican figures, used Alexander as a cautionary tale of how
autocratic
tendencies can be kept in check by
republican
values.
[214]
Alexander was used by these writers as an example of ruler values such as
amicita
(friendship) and
clementia
(clemency), but also
iracundia
(anger) and
cupiditas gloriae
(over-desire for glory).
[214]
Legend
Legendary accounts surround the life of Alexander the Great, many deriving from his own lifetime, probably encouraged by Alexander himself.
[215]
His court historian Callisthenes portrayed the sea in
Cilicia
as drawing back from him in proskynesis. Writing shortly after Alexander's death, another participant,
Onesicritus
, invented a
tryst
between Alexander and
Thalestris
, queen of the mythical
Amazons
. When Onesicritus read this passage to his patron, Alexander's general and later King
Lysimachus
reportedly quipped, "I wonder where I was at the time."
[216]
In the first centuries after Alexander's death, probably in Alexandria, a quantity of the legendary material coalesced into a text known as the
Alexander Romance
, later falsely ascribed to Callisthenes and therefore known as
Pseudo-Callisthenes
. This text underwent numerous expansions and revisions throughout Antiquity and the
Middle Ages
,
[217]
containing many dubious stories,
[215]
and was translated into numerous languages.
[218]
In ancient and modern culture
Alexander the Great's accomplishments and legacy have been depicted in many cultures. Alexander has figured in both high and popular culture beginning in his own era to the present day. The
Alexander Romance
, in particular, has had a significant impact on portrayals of Alexander in later cultures, from Persian to medieval European to modern Greek.
[218]
Alexander features prominently in modern Greek folklore, more so than any other ancient figure.
[219]
The colloquial form of his name in modern Greek ("O Megalexandros") is a household name, and he is the only ancient hero to appear in the
Karagiozis
shadow play.
[219]
One well-known fable among Greek seamen involves a solitary
mermaid
who would grasp a ship's prow during a storm and ask the captain "Is King Alexander alive?". The correct answer is "He is alive and well and rules the world!", causing the mermaid to vanish and the sea to calm. Any other answer would cause the mermaid to turn into a raging
Gorgon
who would drag the ship to the bottom of the sea, all hands aboard.
[219]
In pre-Islamic
Persian
(
Zoroastrian
) literature, Alexander is referred to by the epithet "gojastak", meaning "accursed", and is accused of destroying temples and burning the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.
[220]
In Islamic Iran, under the influence of the Alexander Romance, a more positive portrayal of Alexander emerges.
[221]
Firdausi's
Shahnameh
("The Book of Kings") includes Alexander in a line of legitimate Iranian
shahs
, a mythical figure who explored the far reaches of the world in search of the
fountain of youth
.
[222]
Later Persian writers associate him with philosophy, portraying him at a symposium with figures such as
Socrates
,
Plato
and Aristotle, in search of immortality.
[221]
The
Syriac
version of the
Alexander Romance
portrays him as an ideal Christian world conqueror who prayed to "the one true God".
[221]
In Egypt, Alexander was portrayed as the son of
Nectanebo II
, the last
pharaoh
before the Persian conquest.
[223]
His defeat of Darius was depicted as Egypt's salvation, "proving" Egypt was still ruled by an Egyptian.
[223]
The figure of
Dhul-Qarnayn
(literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the
Quran
is believed by some scholars to represent Alexander, due to parallels with the Alexander Romance.
[221]
In this tradition, he was a heroic figure who built a wall to defend against the nations of
Gog and Magog
.
[223]
He then traveled the known world in search for the Water of Life and Immortality, eventually becoming a prophet.
[223]
In India and Pakistan, more specifically the
Punjab
, the name "Sikandar", derived from Persian, denotes a rising young talent.
[224]
In the
medieval Europe
he was created a member of the
Nine Worthies
, a group of heroes who encapsulated all the ideal qualities of
chival
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