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8- أنتيوخوس الثالث ( العظيم )
Antiochus III the Great
(c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the
Seleucid Empire
Antiochus III the Great
The 6th ruler of the
Seleucid Empire
, Antiochus III the Great (
Greek
:
Ἀ
ντίoχoς Μέγας; ca. 241–187 BC, ruled 222–187 BC) Seleucid
Greek
king ruled over
Greater Syria
and
western Asia
towards the end of the 3rd century BC. Rising to the throne at the age of eighteen in 223 BC, his early campaigns against the
Ptolemaic Kingdom
were unsuccessful, but in the following years Antiochus gained several military victories.
His traditional designation,
the Great
, reflects an epithet he briefly assumed. He also assumed the title "
Basileus Megas
" (which is
Greek
for "Great King"), the
traditional title of the Persian kings
.
Self-declaring himself the
"champion of Greek freedom against Roman domination"
, Antiochus III
waged a war
against the
Roman Republic
in mainland Greece in autumn of 192 BC
[4]
[5]
only to be defeated
Antiochus III was a member of the
Greek
-
Macedonian
Seleucid dynasty
, he was the son of king
Seleucus II
and Laodice II and was born in 242 BC near
Susa
in
Iran
.
[10]
Antiochus succeeded his brother
Seleucus III
as the king of the Seleucid Empire.
Antiochus III inherited a disorganized state. Not only had
Asia Minor
become detached, but the easternmost provinces had broken away,
Bactria
under the Greek
Diodotus of Bactria
, and
Parthia
under the nomad chieftain
Arsaces
. Soon after Antiochus's accession,
Media
and
Persis
revolted under their governors, the brothers
Molon
and
Alexander
.
The young king, under the baneful influence of the minister
Hermeias
, authorised an attack on Ptolemaic Syria instead of going in person to face the rebels. The attack against Egypt of the Ptolemies proved a fiasco, and the generals sent against Molon and Alexander met with disaster. Only in Asia Minor, where the king's cousin, the able
Achaeus
represented the Seleucid cause, did its prestige recover, driving the Pergamene power back to its earlier limits.
In 221 BC Antiochus at last went east, and the rebellion of Molon and Alexander collapsed which Polybios attributes in part to his following the advice of
Zeuxis
rather than Hermeias. The submission of Lesser Media, which had asserted its independence under
Artabazanes
, followed. Antiochus rid himself of Hermeias by assassination and returned to
Syria
(220 BC). Meanwhile Achaeus himself had revolted and assumed the title of king in Asia Minor. Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow an attack on Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the present and renew his attempt on Ptolemaic Syria.
His father
Seleucus III Ceraunus
III
Soter
, called Seleucus Ceraunus (
Greek
:
Σέλευκος Γ' Σωτ
ὴ
ρ, Σέλευκος Κεραυνός
ca. 243 BC – 223 BC), was a ruler of the Hellenistic
Seleucid Kingdom
, the eldest son of
Seleucus II Callinicus
and
Laodice II
. His birth name was Alexander and was named after his great uncle the Seleucid official
Alexander
. Alexander changed his name to Seleucus after he succeeded his father as King. After a brief reign of three years (225 BC–223 BC), Seleucus was assassinated in
Anatolia
by members of his army while on campaign against
Attalus I of Pergamon
. His official byname "Soter" -
Greek
:
Σωτ
ὴ
ρ
means "Saviour", while his nickname "Ceraunus" -
Greek
:
Κεραυνός
means "Thunder".
Early wars against other Hellenistic rulers
The campaigns of 219 BC and 218 BC carried the Seleucid armies almost to the confines of
Ptolemaic Kingdom
, but in 217 BC
Ptolemy IV
defeated Antiochus at the
Battle of Raphia
. This defeat nullified all Antiochus's successes and compelled him to withdraw north of the
Lebanon
.
In 216 BC Antiochus' army marched into western Anatolia to suppress the local rebellion led by Antiochus' own cousin
Achaeus
, and had by 214 BC driven him from the field into
Sardis
. Capturing Achaeus, Antiochus had him executed. The citadel managed to hold out until 213 BC under Achaeus' widow
Laodice
who surrendered later.
Having thus recovered the central part of Asia Minor (for the Seleucid government had perforce to tolerate the dynasties in
Pergamon
,
Bithynia
and
Cappadocia
) Antiochus turned to recover the outlying provinces of the north and east. He obliged
Xerxes of Armenia
to acknowledge his supremacy in 212 BC. In 209 BC Antiochus invaded
Parthia
, occupied the capital
Hecatompylus
and pushed forward into
Hyrcania
. The Parthian king
Arsaces II
apparently successfully sued for peace.
War against Rome and death
Antiochus then moved to Asia Minor, by land and by sea, to secure the coast towns which belonged to the remnants of Ptolemaic overseas dominions and the independent Greek cities. This enterprise earned him the antagonism of the
Roman Republic
, since
Smyrna
and
Lampsacus
appealed to the republic of the west, and the tension grew after Antiochus had in 196 BC established a footing in
Thrace
. The evacuation of Greece by the Romans gave Antiochus his opportunity, and he now had the fugitive
Hannibal
at his court to urge him on.
In 192 BC Antiochus invaded Greece with a 10,000 man army, and was elected the commander in chief of the
Aetolian League
. In 191 BC, however, the Romans under
Manius Acilius Glabrio
routed him at
Thermopylae
, forcing him to withdraw to Asia Minor. The Romans followed up their success by invading
Anatolia
, and the decisive victory of
Scipio Asiaticus
at
Magnesia ad Sipylum
(190 BC), following the defeat of Hannibal at sea off
Side
, delivered Asia Minor into their hands.
By the
Treaty of Apamea
(188 BC) the Seleucid king abandoned all the country north of the
Taurus
, which the Roman Republic distributed amongst its local allies. As a consequence of this blow to the Seleucid power, the outlying provinces of the empire, recovered by Antiochus, reasserted their independence. Antiochus mounted a fresh eastern expedition in
Luristan
, where he died on while pillaging a temple of
Bel
at
Elymaïs
, Persia, in 187 BC.
[5]
Bactrian campaign and Indian expedition
Coin of Antiochos III.
Year 209 BC saw Antiochus in
Bactria
, where the
Greco-Bactrian
king
Euthydemus I
had supplanted the original rebel. Antiochus again met with success.
[12]
He was defeated by Antiochus at the
Battle of the Arius
but after sustaining a
famous siege in his capital
Bactra
(
Balkh
), Euthydemus obtained an honourable peace by which Antiochus promised Euthydemus' son
Demetrius
the hand of one of his daughters.
[13]
Antiochus next, following in the steps of Alexander, crossed into the
Kabul
valley, reaching the realm of
Indian
king
Sophagasenus
and returned west by way of
Seistan
and Kerman (206/5). According to
Polybius
:
"He crossed the Caucasus (
Hindu Kush
) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with
Sophagasenus
(Subhashsena in Prakrit) the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty altogether; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving
Androsthenes of Cyzicus
the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.
[13]
"
Persia and Coele Syria campaigns
From
Seleucia on the Tigris
he led a short expedition down the
Persian Gulf
against the
Gerrhaeans
of the Arabian coast (205 BC/204 BC). Antiochus seemed to have restored the Seleucid empire in the east, which him the title of "the Great" (Antiochos Megas). In 205/204 BC the infant
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
succeeded to the Egyptian throne, and Antiochus is said (notably by Polybios) to have concluded a secret pact with
Philip V of Macedon
for the partition of the Ptolemaic possessions. Under the terms of this pact,
Macedon
were to receive Egypt's possessions around the Aegean Sea and
Cyrene
, while Antiochus would annex
Cyprus
and Egypt.
Once more Antiochus attacked the Ptolemaic province of Coele Syria and Phoenicia, and by 199 BC he seems to have had possession of it before the Aetolian,
Scopas
, recovered it for Ptolemy. But that recovery proved brief, for in 198 BC Antiochus defeated Scopas at the
Battle of Panium
, near the sources of the
Jordan
, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in
Judea
.
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