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13- بولسلو الاول كروبر
Bolesław I Chrobry
(a
ka Bolesław I the Brave or
the Valiant
) (
Czech
:
Boleslav Chrabrý
) (967 – 17 June 1025), in the past also known as Bolesław I the Great (
Wielki
), was a
Duke
of
Poland
in 992–1025 and the first
King of Poland
from 19 April 1025 until his death. He also ruled as Boleslav IV, Duke of Bohemia during 1002–1003.
He was the firstborn son of
Mieszko I
by his first wife,
Dobrawa
, daughter of
Boleslav I the Cruel
, Duke of Bohemia.
[1]
[2]
He was named after his maternal grandfather.
Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist and statesman. He turned Poland into a country that was not only comparable to older western monarchies, but also elevated it into the European elite. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated the Polish lands and conquered territories outside of modern borders of Poland such as
Slovakia
,
Moravia
,
Red Ruthenia
,
Meissen
and
Lusatia
as well as
Bohemia
. He was a powerful mediator in
Central European
affairs.
Bolesław was an ally of Holy Roman Emperor
Otto III
who may have crowned him
rex
. Following the death of Otto III in 1002, he carried out a series of successful wars against the Holy Roman Empire and Otto III's cousin and heir
Henry II
, ending with the
Peace of Bautzen
in 1018. In the summer of 1018, in one of his most famous expeditions, Bolesław I captured
Kiev
, where, according to legend, he notched his sword when hitting Kiev's
Golden Gate
. Later, a sword known as
Szczerbiec
, meaning notched sword, would become the ceremonial sword used in the coronation ceremony of Polish kings.
Bolesław I also managed to establish a Polish church structure with a
Metropolitan See
at
Gniezno
, independent of the
German
Archbishopric of Magdeburg
, which had tried to lay claim to Polish areas. During the famous
Congress of Gniezno
he officially freed himself of tribute to the Holy Roman Empire and finally, at the peak of his reign, he had himself crowned as
King
, the first Polish ruler to do so.
He was an able administrator; he established the so-called "Prince's law", and build numerous forts, churches, monasteries and bridges. Bolesław I established the first Polish
monetary system
, of a
Grzywna
divided into 240 Denarii,
[1]
and minted his own coin. He is widely considered as one of the most talented and accomplished of the
Piast
rulers.
Life
Youth
Bolesław I was born in
Poznań
as the first child of Mieszko I, Duke of Poland and his wife, the Bohemian princess
Dobrawa
.
At age six he may have been sent to the Imperial court in Germany as a hostage, according to the agreements of the Imperial Diet of
Quedlinburg
(although historians now dispute this detail). Another theory stated that Bolesław I spent some time during the 980s at the court of his maternal uncle, Duke
Boleslav II the Pious
of Bohemia.
In 984 and at the instigation of his father, the eighteen-year-old Bolesław I married the daughter of
Rikdag
,
Margrave of Meissen
, probably named Hunilda or Oda. It is believed that following the wedding he became the ruler of
Lesser Poland
with his capital at
Kraków
. The death of Margrave Rikdag in 985 left the marriage devoid of any political value, and shortly thereafter the union was dissolved and Hunilda was
repudiated
.
At the end of 985, probably at the instigation of
Boleslav II the Pious
, Bolesław I married an unknown Hungarian princess with whom he had a son,
Bezprym
.
[3]
In older literature, the princess was identified as
Judith
, daughter of
Géza, Grand Duke of Hungary
.
[4]
Though opinions vary about the identity of Bolesław I 's second wife, there are a number of researchers who still support the hypothesis of her being the daughter of Géza.
[5]
However, this union also came to a quick end, probably because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary, and around 987 the union was dissolved.
By 989, and perhaps as early as 987, Bolesław I married
Emnilda
, daughter of
Dobromir
, a
Slavic
prince of
Lusatia
. Through this marriage he had a daughter Regelinda, a son, the future king
Mieszko II
, another daughter and a son Otton. At this time Bolesław I's rule in Lesser Poland may have been at Bohemian conferment. Presuming that it was, he added this province to Poland only after Duke
Boleslav II the Pious
' death in 999. However assuming that Mieszko I took control of
Lesser Poland
in 990 (which is likely), than Bolesław I was bestowed the rule in
Lesser Poland
by his father but without its territory being included in the Polish realm. Bolesław I does not appear in the surviving summary of the
Dagome Iudex
document, and as such it may be supposed that Lesser Poland was already known as Bolesław I's inheritance, while his two surviving half-brothers
Mieszko
and
Lambert
, sons of Mieszko I by his second wife
Oda
, were to divide the rest of the realm between each other. Another theory is that Bolesław I's absence from the document might be explained by an old
Slavic
custom whereby children received their
inheritance
as soon as they reached the
age of majority
. Thus Bolesław I might have received
Kraków
as his part of his father's legacy before the writing of the
Dagome iudex
.
[6]
Accession
The circumstances in which Bolesław I took control of the country following the passing of his father,
Mieszko I
, forecasted what would later become a prevalent practice among the Piast dynasty. It consisted of struggle for domination, usually a military one, among the offspring of nearly every deceased monarch of the
Piast
dynasty. Bolesław I was no different, and shortly after the death of
Mieszko I
(25 May 992), he banished his stepmother Oda and his two half-brothers, as they had to be considered competitors to the throne, especially in light of the
Dagome Iudex
. The exact circumstances of Bolesław I's ascension to the Ducal throne are unknown, but it is known that by June, he was the unquestioned ruler of Poland - as
Otto III
asked for his
military aid
in the summer of 992. Also immediately after gaining the full control over Poland, Bolesław I quelled the opposition of the Barons by blinding two of their leaders, the magnates Odylen and Przybywoj.
[7]
As cruel a sentence as this was, it proved most effective as it triggered such obedience of his subjects that from that point on there was no mention of any challenge of his position whatsoever.
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