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أعظم الناس:ما سر عظمتهم!!..وهل لليتم دور في العظمة؟
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02-17-2012, 07:36 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
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13- بولسلو الاول كروبر
Bolesław I, byname Bolesław the Brave, Polish Bolesław Chrobry (born 966/967—died June 17, 1025),
duke
(from 992) and then (from 1024) first king of Poland, who expanded his country’s territory to include
Pomerania
,
Lusatia
, and, for a time, the Bohemian princely lands. He made Poland a major European state and also created a Polish church independent of German control.
The son of
Mieszko I
,
)
Mieszko I, (born
c.
930—died May 25, 992), Piast prince or duke of Poland (from
c.
963), who brought Poland into Christendom and expanded the state to the
Baltic Sea
. ) the first of the Piast dukes, and the Bohemian princess Dobrawa (Dubravka), Bolesław I inherited the principality of Great Poland (Wielkopolska, between the Oder and the Warta rivers) upon his father’s death in 992. He soon began, by energetic political and military action, to develop and expand the Polish state. He conquered Pomerania along the
Baltic Sea
in 996 and seized Kraków (formerly a Bohemian possession) soon afterward. He ransomed the relics of the martyred St.
Adalbert, bishop
of
Prague
, from the pagan Prussians and buried the relics at
Gniezno
. The Holy Roman emperor
Otto III
, who had been Adalbert’s student and Bolesław’s ally since 992, attended that ceremony (March 1000) and marked the occasion by personally acknowledging Bolesław as the sovereign ruler of Poland. With Pope Sylvester II’s approval, the emperor granted Poland its own archdiocese, with Gniezno as its seat. Bolesław then reorganized Poland’s church structure, making it a national church directly under papal jurisdiction and independent of German ecclesiastical control.
After Emperor Otto III’s death (1002), Bolesław seized the imperial lands of Lusatia and Misnia (Meissen) and the principality of
Bohemia
. These actions started a series of three wars between him and the German king
Henry II
that lasted until 1018, when, by the Treaty of
Bautzen
, Bolesław retained Lusatia and Misnia and
Henry II
won Bohemia. Bolesław’s expansionist
policy
continued. When he defeated Grand Prince
Yaroslav I
the Wise of
Kiev
in battle (July 21, 1018) and placed his own son-in-law (and Yaroslav’s brother), Svyatopolk, on the Kievan
throne
, his control extended from the western tributaries of the middle
Elbe River
to the eastern reaches of the
Bug River
. Though recognized as a sovereign by
Otto III
in 1000, Bolesław sought to strengthen his position and his independence from imperial control with his papally-sanctioned coronation by the
archbishop
of Gniezno on Dec. 25, 1024
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