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King of Denmark
In 1018, Harald II died and Cnut went to Denmark to affirm his succession to the Danish crown as Cnut II. In the 1019 letter (
see above
) he states his intentions to avert attacks against England. It seems there were Danes in opposition to him, and an attack he carried out on the
Wends
of
Pomerania
may have had something to do with this. In this expedition at least one of Cnut's English men,
Godwin
, apparently won the king's trust after a night-time raid he personally led against a Wendish encampment.
His hold on the Danish throne presumably stable, Cnut was back in England in 1020.
Ulf Jarl
, the husband of his sister
Estrid Svendsdatter
, was his appointee as regent of Denmark, with the entrustment of his young son by
Queen Emma
,
Harthacnut
, whom he had made the
crown prince
of his kingdom.
Thorkell the Tall
's banishment in 1021 may be seen in relation to the attack on the Wends for the death of
Olof Skötkonung
in 1022, and the succession to the Swedish throne of his son,
Anund Jacob
, bringing Sweden into alliance with Norway. Thus, there was cause for a demonstration of Danish strength in the Baltic.
Jomsborg
, the legendary stronghold of the Jomsvikings, thought to be on an island off the coast of
Pomerania
, was probably the target of Cnut's expedition.
[50]
After this clear display of Cnut's intentions to dominate Scandinavian affairs, it seems Thorkell was wont to reconcile himself with Cnut in 1023.
When
Olaf Haraldsson
and
Anund Jakob
took advantage of Cnut's commitment to England and began to launch attacks against Denmark, Ulf gave the freemen cause to accept Harthacnut, still a child, as king. This was a ruse on Ulf's part since the role he had as the caretaker of Harthacnut consequently gave him the reign of the kingdom. Upon news of these events Cnut set sail for Denmark, to restore himself and deal with Ulf, who then got back in line. In a battle known as the
Battle of the Helgeå
, Cnut and his men fought the Norwegians and Swedes at the mouth of the river Helgea. 1026 is the likely date for the battle, and the apparent victory left Cnut as the dominant leader in Scandinavia. Ulf the usurper's realignment and participation in the battle did not, in the end, earn him Cnut's forgiveness. Some sources state, at a banquet in
Roskilde
, the brothers-in-law were playing
chess
when an argument arose between them, and the next day,
Christmas
of 1026, one of Cnut's
housecarls
, with his blessing, killed the jarl, in Trinity Church, the predecessor to
Roskilde Cathedral
.
Death and succession
Cnut died in 1035, at the Abbey in
Shaftesbury
,
Dorset
. His burial was in
Winchester
, the English capital of the time, and stronghold of the royal house of Wessex, whom the Danes had overthrown more or less two decades before.
In Denmark he was succeeded by
Harthacnut
, reigning as Cnut III, although with a war in Scandinavia against
Magnus I of Norway
, Harthacnut was "forsaken (by the English) because he was too long in Denmark",
[90]
and his mother
Queen Emma
, previously resident at
Winchester
with some of her son's
housecarls
, was made to flee to
Bruges
, in
Flanders
; under pressure from supporters of Cnut's other son – after Svein – by
Ælfgifu of Northampton
.
Harold Harefoot
–
regent
in England 1035–37 – succeeded to claim the throne, in 1037, reigning until his death in 1040. Eventual peace in Scandinavia left Harthacnut free to claim the throne himself, in 1040, and regain his mother her place. He brought the crowns of Denmark and England together again, until his death, in 1042. Denmark fell into a period of disorder with the power struggle between the pretender to the throne
Sweyn Estridsson
, son of Ulf, and the Norwegian king, until Magnus' death in 1047 and restoration of the Danish sovereignty. And the inheritance of England was briefly to return to its Anglo-Saxon lineage.
The house of Wessex was to reign again in
Edward the Confessor
, whom Harthacnut had brought out of exile in Normandy and made a treaty with. Like in his treaty with Magnus, it was decreed the throne was to go to Edward if Harthacnut died with no legitimate male heir. In 1042, Harthacnut died, and Edward was king. His reign meant Norman influence at Court was on the rise thereafter, and the ambitions of its dukes finally found fruition in 1066, with
William the Conqueror
's invasion of England, and crowning, fifty years after Cnut was crowned in 1016.
Had the sons of Cnut not died within a decade of him, and his (only known) daughter Cunigund – set to marry Conrad II's son Henry III eight months after his death – not died in Italy before she became empress,
[91]
Cnut's reign may well have been the foundation for a complete political union between England and Scandinavia
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