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02-18-2012, 07:25 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
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Sep 2009
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Chandragupta II The Great, very often referred to as
Vikramaditya
or Chandragupta Vikramaditya in
Sanskrit
; was one of the most powerful emperors of the
Gupta empire
in northern
India
. His rule spanned c. 380–413/415 CE, during which the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of
ancient India
reached its climax.
[1]
The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the
Golden Age
of
India
. Chandragupta II was the son of the previous ruler,
Samudragupta the Great
. He attained success by pursuing both a favorable marital alliance and an aggressive expansionist policy in this which his father and grandfather (
Chandragupta I
) set the precedent. Samudragupta set the stage for the emergence of classical art, which occurred under the rule of Chandragupta II. Chandragupta II gave great support to the arts. Artists were so highly valued under his rule that they were paid for their work — a rare phenomenon in ancient civilizations.
[2]
From 388 to 409 he subjugated Gujarat, the region north of Mumbai, Saurashtra, in western India, and Malwa, with its capital at Ujjain.
[3]
Culturally, the reign of Chandragupta II marked a
Golden Age
. This is evidenced by later reports of the presence of a circle of poets known as the
Nine Gems
in his court. The greatest among them was
Kalidasa
, who authored numerous immortal pieces of literature including
Abhijñānaśākuntalam
. The others included
Sanskrit
grammarian
Amara Sinha
and the astronomer-mathematician
Varahamihira
.[
citation needed
]
Not much is known about the personal details of Chandragupta II. The most widely accepted details have been built upon the plot of the play
Devi-chandraguptam
by
Vishakadatta
. The play is now lost, but fragments have been preserved in other works (such as Abhinava-bharati, Sringara-prakasha, Natya-darpana, Nataka-lakshana Ratna-kosha). There even exists an
Arabic
work
Mojmal al-tawarikh
(12th century CE) which tells a similar tale of a king whose name appears to be a corruption of 'Vikramaditya'. The name '
Vikramaditya
' holds a semi-mythical status in India. India has many interesting stories about King Vikramaditya, his guru Manva-Patwa and his queens. It is widely believed that the great poet in
Sanskrit
,
Kalidasa
was one of the jewels of Vikramaditya's royal court.
Biography
Early life and coronation
Chandragupta II's mother, Datta Devi, was the chief queen of
Samudragupta the Great
. After Samudragupta's death his elder son,
Ramagupta
, took over the throne and married Chandragupta II's fiance Dhruvaswamini by force. The fragment from
Vishakadatta
's
"Natya-darpana"
mentions the king
Ramagupta
, the elder brother of Chandragupta II, deciding to surrender his queen Dhruvaswamini to the
Saka
ruler of the
Western Kshatrapas
Rudrasimha III
(r. 388 - 395 CE), after a defeat at the Saka ruler's hands. To avoid the ignominy the Guptas decide to send Madhavasena, a courtesan and a beloved of Chandragupta II, disguised as the queen Dhruvaswamini. Chandragupta II changes the plan and himself goes to
Rudrasimha III
disguised as the queen. He then assassinates Rudrasimha III and later his brother
Ramagupta
. Dhruvaswamini is then married to Chandragupta II.
Historians still don't know what liberties the author Vishakadatta took with the incidents, but Dhruvadevi was indeed Chandragupta II's Chief Queen as seen in the
Vaisali
Terracotta Seal that calls her "Mahadevi" (Chief Queen) Dhruvasvamini. The Bilsad Pillar Inscription of their son
Kumaragupta I
(r. 414–455 CE) also refers to her as "Mahadevi Dhruvadevi". Certain "Ramagupta" too is mentioned in inscriptions on Jain figures in the District Archaeological Museum,
Vidisha
and some copper coins found at Vidisha.
The fact that Chandragupta II and Dhruvadevi are the protagonists of Vishakadatta's play indicates that marrying his widowed sister-in-law was not given any significance by the playwright. Later
Hindus
did not view such a marriage with favour and some censure of the act is found in the Sanjan Copper Plate Inscription of
Rashtrakuta
ruler
Amoghavarsha I
(r. 814-878 CE) and in the Sangali and Cambay Plates of the
Govinda IV
(r. 930-936 CE).
Chandragupta II's son-in-law, the Vakataka ruler Rudrasena II, died fortuitously after a very short reign in 385 CE, following which Queen Prabhavati Gupta (r. 385-405) ruled
the
Vakataka kingdom
as a regent on behalf of her two sons
. During this twenty-year period the Vakataka realm was practically a part of the
Gupta empire
. The geographical location of the Vakataka kingdom allowed Chandragupta II to take the opportunity to defeat the
Western Kshatrapas
once for all. Many historians refer to this period as the Vakataka-Gupta Age.
Chandragupta II controlled a vast empire, from the mouth of the
Ganges
to the mouth of the
Indus River
and from what is now North
Pakistan
down to the mouth of the
Narmada
.
Pataliputra
continued to be the capital of his huge empire but
Ujjain
too became a sort of second capital. The large number of beautiful gold coins issued by the
Gupta dynasty
are a testament to the imperial grandeur of that age. Chandragupta II also started producing silver coins in the
Saka
tradition.
==
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