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تابع،،،،
31- جنكيزخان
Genghis Khan (
/
ˈ
ɡ
ɛ
ŋ
ɡ
ɪ
s
ˈ
k
ɑː
n
/
or
/
ˈ
d
ʒ
ɛ
ŋ
ɡ
ɪ
s
ˈ
k
ɑː
n
/
, Mongol:
[t
ʃ
iŋ
ɡɪ
s xaːŋ]
(
listen
)
; 1162? – August 1227), born Temujin and occasionally known by his
temple name
Taizu (
太祖
)
, was the founder and
Great Khan
(emperor) of the
Mongol Empire
, which became the
largest
contiguous empire in history after his death.
He came to power by uniting many of the
nomadic
tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the
Mongol Empire
and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he started the
Mongol invasions
that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the
Kara-Khitan Khanate
,
Caucasus
,
Khwarezmid Empire
,
Western Xia
and
Jin
dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in
Khwarezmia
. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China.
Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned
Ögedei Khan
as his successor and split his empire into
khanates
among his sons and grandsons.
[7]
He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an
unmarked grave
somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of
Eurasia
by conquering or creating
vassal
states out of all of modern-day China,
Korea
, the
Caucasus
, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions resulted in the large-scale slaughter of local populations, which have given Genghis Khan and his empire a fearsome reputation in local histories.
[8]
Mongol campaigns may have resulted in the deaths of 40 million people.
[9]
Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the adoption of the
Uyghur
script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of
Mongolia
.
[10]
Early life
Lineage
Temujin was related on his father's side to
Khabul Khan
,
Ambaghai
and
Hotula Khan
who had headed the
Khamag Mongol confederation
. When the Chinese
Jin Dynasty
switched support from the Mongols to the
Tatars
in 1161, they destroyed Khabul Khan. Temujin's father,
Yesukhei
(leader of the
Borjigin
clan and nephew to Ambaghai and Hotula Khan), emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival
Tayichi’ud
clan, who descended directly from
Ambaghai
. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the
Keraits
.
Birth
Because of the lack of contemporary written records, there is very little factual information about the early life of Temujin. The few sources that provide insight into this period often conflict.
Temujin was born in 1162 or 1155 in
Delüün Boldog
near
Burkhan Khaldun
mountain and the
Onon
and
Kherlen
Rivers in modern-day
Mongolia
, not far from the current capital,
Ulaanbaatar
.
The Secret History of the Mongols
reports that Temüjin
was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist
, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader.
He was the third-oldest son of his father
Yesükhei
, a
Khamag Mongol
's major chief of the
Kiyad
and an ally of
Toghrul Khan
of the
Kerait
tribe, and the oldest son of his mother
Hoelun
.
According to the Secret History, Temujin was named after a
Tatar
chieftain,
Temujin-üge
, whom his father had just captured. The name also suggests that they may have been descended from a family of blacksmiths (see section
Name and title
below).
Yesukhei's clan was called
Borjigin
(Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the
Olkhunut
, the sub-lineage of the
Onggirat
tribe. Like other tribes, they were
nomads
. Because his father was a chieftain, as were his predecessors, Temüjin was of a noble background. This higher social standing made it easier to solicit help from and eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes.]
No accurate portraits of Genghis exist today, and any surviving depictions are considered to be artistic interpretations. Persian historian
Rashid-al-Din
recorded in his "
Chronicles
" that the legendary "glittering" ancestor of Genghis was tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and green-eyed. Rashid al-Din also described the first meeting of Genghis and
Kublai Khan
, when Genghis was surprised to find that Kublai had not inherited his red hair. Also according to al-Din Genghis' Borjigid clan, had a legend involving their origins: it began as the result of an affair between Alan-ko and a stranger to her land, a glittering man who happened to have red hair and bluish-green eyes. Modern historian
Paul Ratchnevsky
has suggested in his Genghis biography that the "glittering man" may have been from the
Kyrgyz people
, who historically displayed these same characteristics.
Early life and family
Temujin had 3 brothers named
Hasar
,
Hachiun
, and
Temüge
, and one sister named
Temülen
, as well as two half-brothers named
Behter
and
Belgutei
.
Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temujin's early life was difficult. His father
arranged a marriage
for him, and at nine years of age, he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife
Börte
, who was a member of the tribe
Onggirat
. Temujin was to live there in service to Dei Sechen, the head of the new household, until he reached the
marriageable age
of 12.
While heading home, his father ran into the neighboring
Tatars
, who had long been enemies of the Mongols, and he was subsequently poisoned by the food they offered.
Upon learning this, Temujin returned home to claim his father's position as chieftain of the tribe; however, his father's tribe refused to be led by a boy so young. They abandoned
Hoelun
and her children, leaving them without protection.
For the next several years, Hoelun and her children lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses,
marmots
, and other
small game
hunted by Temujin and his brothers.
It was during one hunting excursion that 10-year-old Temujin killed his half-brother,
Behter
, during a fight which resulted from a dispute over hunting spoils.
This incident cemented his position.
In another incident in 1182 he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the
Tayichi'ud
.
The Tayichi'ud enslaved Temujin (reportedly with a
cangue
), but with the help of a sympathetic watcher, the father of
Chilaun
(who later became a general of Genghis Khan), he was able to escape from the
ger
in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice.It was around this time that
Jelme
and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Temüjin's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the Tayichi'ud.
At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temujin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, which included tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption and continuing acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south. Temujin's mother Olen taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for
alliances
.
As previously arranged by his father, Temujin married
Börte
of the
Onggirat
tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Börte had four sons,
Jochi
(1185–1226),
Chagatai
(1187—1241),
Ögedei
(1189—1241), and
Tolui
(1190–1232). Soon after Börte's marriage to Temujin, she was kidnapped by the
Merkits
, and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival,
Jamuha
, and his protector,
Toghrul Khan
of the
Kerait
tribe. She gave birth to a son,
Jochi
, nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be his only empress, though Temujin did follow tradition by taking several
morganatic
wives.
[17]
Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession. While the names of sons were documented, daughters were not. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the wives and consorts of Genghis Khan.
Temujin valued loyalty above all else and also valued brotherhood. Jamuha was one of Temujin's best friends growing up. But their friendship was tested later in life, when Temujin was fighting to become a khan. Jamuha said this to Temujin before he was killed, "What use is there in my becoming a companion to you? On the contrary, sworn brother, in the black night I would haunt your dreams, in the bright day I would trouble your heart. I would be the louse in your collar, I would become the splinter in your door-panel...as there was room for only one sun in the sky, there was room only for one Mongol lord."
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