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02-21-2012, 09:27 PM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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المشاركات:
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48- كانيشيكا
Kanishka
(died c. 127), ruler of the
Kushan Empire
in Central Asia and parts of India
Kanishka (Kanishka the Great), (
Sanskrit
:
कनिष्क
,
Bactrian language
:
Κανη
ϸ
κι
,
Middle Chinese
:
迦
腻色伽
(Jianisejia)) was an emperor of the
Kushan Empire
, ruling an empire extending from
Bactria
to large parts of northern
India
in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Purushpura (
Peshawar
in present day northwestern
Pakistan
) with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of
Taxila
in
Pakistan
,
Begram
in
Afghanistan
and
Mathura
in
India
.
Genealogy
Kanishka was a Kushan of probable
Yuezhi
ethnicity. He used an Eastern Iranian, Indo-European language known as
Bactrian
(called "αρια," i. e. "Aryan" in the
Rabatak inscription
), which appears in Greek script in his inscriptions, though it is not certain what language the Kushans originally spoke; possibly some form of
Tocharian
- a "
centum
" Indo-European language. The "Aryan" language of the inscription was a "
satem
"
Middle Iranian language
,
[1]
possibly the one spoken in "Arya" or "
Ariana
" (the region around modern
Herat
) and was, therefore, quite possibly unrelated to the original language of the Kushans (or the Yuezhi), but adopted by them to facilitate communication with local people.
Kanishka was the successor of
Vima Kadphises
, as demonstrated by an impressive genealogy of the Kushan kings, known as the
Rabatak inscription
.
[2]
[3]
The connection of Kanishka with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription as Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time:
Kujula Kadphises
as his great-grandfather,
Vima Taktu
as his grandfather,
Vima Kadphises
as his father, and himself Kanishka:
"... for King Kujula Kadphises (his) great grandfather, and for King Vima Taktu (his) grandfather, and for King Vima Kadphises (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka"
[4]
A number of legends about Kanishka, a great patron of Buddhism, were preserved in Buddhist religious traditions. Along with the Indian kings
Ashoka
and
Harshavardhana
, and the
Indo-Greek
king
Menander I
(Milinda), he is considered by Buddhists to have been one of the greatest Buddhist kings.
Kanishka's era
Kanishka's
era was used as a calendar reference
by the Kushans and later by the Guptas in Mathura for about three centuries. Kanishka's era is now believed by many to have begun in 127
CE
on the basis of Harry Falk's ground-breaking research.
[5]
[6]
The actual source, however, gives 227 CE as Year One of a Ku
ṣ
â
ṇ
a century without mentioning Kanishka's name. Since Ku
ṣ
â
ṇ
a centuries always "drop the hundreds" an incept of 127 CE was deduced by Falk on the basis of Chinese and other sources. This date and reference are disputed by some scholars.
Conquests in South and Central Asia
Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, north of the Amu Darya (
Oxus
) in the north west to Northern India, as far as
Mathura
in the south east (the
Rabatak inscription
even claims he held
Pataliputra
and Sri Champa), and his territory also included
Kashmir
, where there was a town Kanishkapur, named after him not far from the
Baramula
Pass and which still contains the base of a large stupa.
Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. The
Book of the Later Han,
Hou Hanshu
, states that general
Ban Chao
fought battles near
Khotan
with a Kushan army of 70,000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie (Chinese:
謝
) in 90 CE. Though Ban Chao claimed to be victorious, forcing the Kushans to retreat by use of a
scorched-earth
policy, the region fell to Kushan forces in the early 2nd century.
[8]
As a result, for a period (until the Chinese regained control
c
. 127 CE)
[9]
the territory of the Kushans extended for a short period as far as
Kashgar
,
Khotan
and
Yarkand
, which were Chinese dependencies in the
Tarim Basin
, modern
Xinjiang
. Several coins of Kanishka have been found in the
Tarim Basin
.
Controlling both the land (the
Silk Road
) and sea trade routes between
South Asia
and Rome seems to have been one of Kanishka's chief imperial goals.
Kanishka's coinage
Obverse: Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ
Ϸ
ΚΟΥ "[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings".
Reverse: Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script: ΗΛΙΟΣ
Helios
. Kanishka monogram (
tamgha
) to the left.
Kanishka's coins portray images of
Indo-Aryan
,
Greek
,
Iranian
and even
Sumero
-
Elamite
divinities, demonstrating the
religious syncretism
in his beliefs. Kanishka's coins from the beginning of his reign bear legends in Greek language and script and depict Greek divinities. Later coins bear legends in
Bactrian
, the
Iranian language
that the Kushans evidently spoke, and Greek divinities were replaced by corresponding Iranic ones. All of Kanishka's coins - even ones with a legend in the Bactrian language - were written in a modified Greek script that had one additional glyph (Ϸ) to represent /š/ (
sh
), as in the word 'Ku
sh
an' and 'Kani
sh
ka'.
On his coins, the king is typically depicted as a bearded man in a long coat and trousers gathered at the ankle, with flames emanating from his shoulders. He wears large rounded boots, and is armed with a long sword similar to a
scimitar
as well as a lance. He is frequently seen to be making a sacrifice on a small altar. The lower half of a lifesize limestone relief of Kanishka similarly attired, with a stiff embroidered surplice beneath his coat and spurs attached to his boots under the light gathered folds of his trousers, survived in the Kabul Museum until it was destroyed by the Taliban.
[10]
Hellenistic phase
A few coins at the beginning of his reign have a legend in the
Greek language
and script: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ
Ϸ
ΚΟΥ,
basileus basileon kaneshkou
"[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings."
Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on these early coins:
·
ΗΛΙΟΣ (
ēlios
,
Hēlios
), ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ (
ēphaēstos
,
Hephaistos
), ΣΑΛΗΝΗ (
salēnē
,
Selene
), ΑΝΗΜΟΣ (
anēmos
,
Anemos
)
The inscriptions in Greek are full of spelling and syntactical errors.
==
مجهول الطفولة.
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