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50 – كوبلا خان
·
Kublai Khan
(1215–1294),
Mongol
ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the
Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan (
/
ˈ
k
uː
b
l
ə
ˈ
k
ɑː
n
/
;
Mongolian
:
Хубилай хаан,
Xubilaĭ xaan
;
Middle Mongolian
:
Qubilai Qaγan
, "King Qubilai"; September
23, 1215
– February 18
, 1294),
born Kublai (
Mongolian
: Хубилай,
Xubilaĭ
;
Middle Mongolian
:
Qubilai
;
Chinese
:
忽必烈
;
pinyin
:
Hūbìliè
; also spelled Khubilai) and also known by the temple name Shizu (
Chinese
:
元世祖
;
pinyin
:
Yuán Shìz
ǔ
;
Wade–Giles
: Yüan Shih-tsu), was the fifth
Great Khan
of the
Mongol Empire
from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the
Yuan Dynasty
in
China
.
As the second son of
Tolui
) Tolui
, (Classic Mongolian: Toluy, Tului, (
Mongolian
:
Тулуй хаан
), Tolui Khan (meaning the
Khan
Tolui)) (1192–1232
(
and
Sorghaghtani Beki
) Sorghaghtani Beki or Bekhi (
Bek(h)i
is a title), also written Sorkaktani, Sorkhokhtani, Sorkhogtani, Siyurkuktiti;
traditional Chinese
:
simplified Chinese
:
pinyin
: (Posthumous name:
traditional Chinese
:
simplified Chinese
:
pinyin
:
Xi
ǎ
n yì zhuāng shèng huáng hòu
) (c. 1198 – 1252),
and a grandson of
Genghis Khan
, he claimed the title of
Khagan
of the
Ikh Mongol Uls
(Mongol Empire) in 1260 after the death of his older brother
Möngke
in the previous year, though his younger brother
Ariq Böke
was also given this title in the Mongolian capital at
Karakorum
. He eventually won the battle against Ariq Böke in 1264, and the succession war essentially marked the beginning of disunity in the empire.
[3]
Kublai's real power was limited to China and
Mongolia
(which was the Yuan Dynasty, or the Mongol Dynasty) after the victory over Ariq Böke, though his influence still remained in the
Ilkhanate
, and to a far lesser degree, in the
Golden Horde
, in the western parts of the Mongol Empire.
[4]
[5]
[6]
If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific to the
Urals
, from
Siberia
to modern day
Afghanistan
– one fifth of the world's inhabited land area.
[7]
In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty, which at that time ruled over present-day
Mongolia
and China, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of
Emperor of China
. By 1279, the
Yuan forces had successfully annihilated the last resistance
of the
Southern Song Dynasty
, and Kublai thus became the first non-Chinese Emperor who conquered all of China. He was also the only Mongol khan after 1260 to win new great conquests.
[8]
The summer garden of Kublai Khan at
Xanadu
is the subject of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
's 1797 poem
Kubla Khan
. Coleridge's work and
Marco Polo
's book brought Kublai and his achievements to the attention of a widespread audience, and today Kublai is a well-known historical figure.
Early years
Kublai (b. 23 Sep. 1215) was the second son of
Tolui
and
Sorghaghtani Beki
. As his grandfather
Genghis Khan
advised, Sorghaghtani chose as her son's nurse a
Buddhist
Tangut
woman whom Kublai later honored highly.
On his way back home after the
conquest
of
Khwarizmian Empire
, Genghis Khan performed the ceremony on his grandsons Mongke and Kublai after their first hunting in 1224 near the
Ili River
.
[9]
Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a
rabbit
and an
antelope
. His grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger following the Mongol tradition.
After the
Mongol-Jin War
, in 1236,
Ogedei
gave
Hebei
Province (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own and 10,000 households there. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused the flight of large numbers of Chinese peasants, which in turn led to a decline in tax revenues. Kublai quickly came to his
appanage
in Hebei and ordered reforms. Sorghaghtani sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, people returned to their old towers.
The most prominent, and arguably influential component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and strong attraction to contemporary
Chinese culture
. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in North China, to his
ordo
in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in Karakorum in 1242, Kublai asked him about the
philosophy
of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son,
Zhenjin
(True Gold in Chinese language), who was born in 1243.
[10]
Haiyun also introduced Kublai the former
Taoist
and now Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a
painter
,
calligrapher
, poet and
mathematician
, and became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to run his
temple
in modern
Beijing
.
[11]
Kublai soon added the
Shanxi
scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests,
Mongol
and
Turk
.
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