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52- لويس الاول ملك هنغاريا
·
Louis I of Hungary
(1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
Louis the Great
(
Hungarian
:
I. (Nagy) Lajos
,
Croatian
:
Ludovik I
,
Polish
:
Ludwik Węgierski
,
Ukrainian
: Людвік I Великий,
Slovak
:
Ľudovít Veľký
,
Italian
:
Luigi I d'Ungheria
,
German
:
Ludwig der Große
,
Bulgarian
: Лудвиг I,
Serbian
: Лајош I Анжујски,
Czech
: Ludvík I. Veliký,
Lithuanian
:
Liudvikas I Vengras
(5 March 1326,
Visegrád
– 10 September 1382,
Nagyszombat
/
Trnava
) was
King of Hungary
and
Croatia
from 1342 and
King of Poland
from 1370 until his death.
[1]
[2]
(See Titles section)
Louis was the head of the senior branch of the
Angevin
dynasty. He was one of the most active and accomplished monarchs of the
Late Middle Ages
, extending territorial control to the
Adriatic
and securing
Dalmatia
, with part of
Bosnia
and
Bulgaria
, within the
Holy Crown of Hungary
. During his reign Hungary reached the peak of its political influence.
He spent much of his reign in wars with the
Republic of Venice
. He was in competition for the
throne of Naples
, with huge military success and the latter with little lasting political results. Louis is the first European monarch who came into collision with the
Ottoman Turks
.
He founded the
University of Pécs
in 1367, the letter patent issued by
pope Urban V
[4]
Family
Louis was the third son of
Charles I of Hungary
والده Charles I (1288 – 16 July 1342),
and
Elisabeth of Poland
,
) والدته Elisabeth of Poland (
Polish
: Elżbieta Łokietkówna) (1305 – 29 December 1380(
the daughter of
Władysław I the Elbow-high
and sister to
Casimir III of Poland
.
In 1342, Louis married his first wife, Margaret (1335 – 1349), underage daughter of
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
, who died while still a minor. He then married his second wife,
Elizabeth
, daughter of
Stephen II of Bosnia
, who became Louis's vassal, and
Elizabeth of Kuyavia
, in 1353 . Her maternal grandfather was Polish
Casimir II of Kuyavia
, son of
Ziemomysł of Kuyavia
and Salome of
Eastern Pomerania
.
Louis had three known daughters, all born of his second wife:
·
Catherine
(1370 – 1378)
·
Mary
, his successor in Hungary, who married
Sigismund
, at that time
Margrave of Brandenburg
(1371 – 1395), who became
King of Hungary
(1387–1437) and
Holy Roman Emperor
(1433–1437).
·
Hedwig
, his successor in Poland, who married
Jogaila
, then
Grand Duke of Lithuania
Biography
Louis, named for his great uncle,
Saint Louis of Toulouse
. Louis acquired the
seven liberal arts
(grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, astronomy). When he was sixteen, Louis understood Latin, German and Italian as well as his mother tongue. He owed his excellent education to the care of his mother, a woman of profound political sagacity, who was his chief counsellor in diplomatic affairs during the greater part of his long reign.
In 1342, at the age of sixteen, he succeeded his father as king of Hungary and was crowned at
Székesfehérvár
on the 21st of July with great enthusiasm. Louis led his armies many times in person. Besides his best known campaigns, he fought in Bulgaria, Bosnia,
Wallachia
Serbia, Lithuania and against the
Golden Horde
. The first
Ottoman
Hungarian clash occurred during his reign.
He led assaults personally and climbed city walls together with his soldiers. He shared the privations and hardships of camp life with his soldiers. Although a few legends were woven around his name, one incident casts light on his courage. When one of his soldiers who had been ordered to explore a ford was carried away by the current, the King plunged into the torrent without hesitation and saved the man from drowning. Louis liked warfare - he came close to losing his life in several battles -, tournaments and hunts. Similarly to his mother he was deeply religious. As an excellent commander and a gallant fighter, Louis resembled his exemplar,
King Saint Ladislaus
.
Under his reign lived the most famous epic hero of Hungarian literature and warfare, the king's Champion: Nicolas
Toldi
. John de Cardailhac, patriarch of Alexandria and envoy of the Vatican,(who visited the utmost European countries and monarchs) wrote: "I call God as my witness that I have never seen a monarch more majestic and more powerful... or one who desires peace and calm as much as he."
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