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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
62- اتو الأول
وُلد سنة
912
في
سانغرهوزن
في
ألمانيا
ومات سنة
973
، كان ملكاً على شرق
فرنسا
منذ العام
936
وملكا على
الامبراطورية الرومية
منذ سنة
962
م.
·
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
(912-973)
Otto I the Great (23 November
912
in
Wallhausen
– 7 May 973 in
Memleben
), son of
Henry I the Fowler
والده
(Henry I the Fowler (
German
:
Heinrich der Finkler
or
Heinrich der Vogler
;
Latin
:
Henricius Auceps
) (
876
– 2
July 936
)>
and
Matilda of Ringelheim
,
والدته
( Saint Mathilda
(or Matilda) (877
[1]
– 14 March 968)
was
Duke of Saxony
,
King of Germany
,
King of Italy
, and "the first of the Germans to be called the emperor of Italy" according to
Arnulf of Milan
. While
Charlemagne
had been crowned Emperor in 800, his empire had been divided amongst his grandsons, and following the assassination of
Berengar of Friuli
in 924, the Imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, Otto was crowned Emperor of what later became the
Holy Roman Empire
.
Biography
Early reign
Married to
Eadgyth
of England in 929, Otto succeeded his father as king of Germany (officially still known as
East Francia
) in 936
.
He arranged for his coronation to be held in
Charlemagne
's former capital,
Aachen
, where he was anointed by Hildebert
archbishop of Mainz
,
primate of the German church
. According to the Saxon historian
Widukind of Corvey
, at his coronation banquet, he had the four other dukes of the empire, those of
Franconia
,
Swabia
,
Bavaria
and
Lorraine
, act as his personal attendants:
Arnulf I of Bavaria
as
marshal
(or stablemaster),
Herman I, Duke of Swabia
as
cupbearer
,
Eberhard III of Franconia
as
steward
(or
seneschal
), and
Gilbert of Lorraine
as
Chamberlain
.
[3]
[4]
From the outset of his reign he signaled that he was the successor to Charlemagne, whose last heirs in
East Francia
had died out in 911, and that he had the German church, with its powerful bishops and abbots, behind him. However, the
Neustrian
reign (West Francia), had been and still was under the rule of the Carolingian dynasty.
Otto intended to dominate the church and use that sole unifying institution in the German lands in order to establish an institution of theocratic Imperial power.[
citation needed
] The Church offered wealth, military manpower and its monopoly on literacy. For his part the Emperor offered protection against the nobles, the promise of endowments, and an avenue to power as his
ministeriales
.
In 938, a rich vein of
silver
was discovered at the
Rammelsberg
in Saxony. This mineral wealth helped fund Otto's activities throughout his reign; indeed, it would provide much of Europe's silver,
copper
, and
lead
for the next two hundred years.
[4]
Otto's early reign was marked by a series of ducal revolts. In 938,
Eberhard
, the new duke of Bavaria, refused to pay Otto homage. Otto responded with two campaigns in 938, during spring and fall, defeating Eberhard and banishing him.
Berthold
, Arnulf's brother, formerly
duke of Carinthia
became new
duke of Bavaria
.
[4]
After the death of Siegfried, Count of Merseburg in 937, Thankmar claimed Merseburg. Otto, however, appointed
Gero
, Siegfried's brother, as count of Merseburg. During this dispute,
Eberhard of Franconia
and
Wichmann the Elder
revolted against Otto and Thankmar joined them.
Thankmar
and
Eberhard of Franconia
captured Belecke on the Möhne.[
citation needed
] Wichmann the Elder was reconciled with Otto and the revolt in Saxony broke down. The fortress of Eresburg was besieged and occupied by the Imperial army and
Thankmar
was killed by Maginzo at the altar of the church of Saint Peter.[
citation needed
]
Eberhard of Franconia
was briefly imprisoned at Hildesheim, but was released and entered into a compact with
Henry
, Otto's younger brother.
[
ليس يتيم لكن تحتاج طفولته إلى مزيد من الدراسة لمعرفة سر عظمته أن كان هناك سر فعلا مثلا هل درس في مدارس داخليه؟ هل كان منفصلا عن والده في طفولته خاصة انه ابن الزوجة الثانية للملك هنري؟ يلاحظ انه حارب أخوه غير الشقيق وأخاه الشقيق الذي هو اصغر منه وقضى عمره في الحروب.
ليس يتيم ولكنه يبدو مأزوم بسبب طبيعة العلاقة التي كانت تربطه بإخوته واضطراره لحربهم.
مأزوم
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