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·
Pompey
(
106 BC-48 BC
), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey (
/
ˈ
p
ɒ
m
p
iː
/
) or Pompey the Great
[1]
(
Classical Latin
abbreviation:
CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS;
[2]
September 29,
106 BC – September 29, 48 BC
), was a military and political leader of the late
Roman Republic
. He came from a wealthy
Italian
provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of
Roman nobility
by successful leadership in several military campaigns.
Sulla
addressed him by the
cognomen
Magnus
(the Great), and he was awarded three
triumphs
.
Pompey joined his rival
Marcus Licinius Crassus
and his ally
Julius Caesar
in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the
First Triumvirate
. The first triumvirate was validated by the marriage between
Julia Caesaris
(daughter of Julius Caesar) and Pompey. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the
optimates
, the conservative and aristocratic faction of the
Roman Senate
. Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to
a civil war
. When Pompey was defeated at the
Battle of Pharsalus
, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from
Republic
to
Principate
and
Empire
.
Pompey's father,
Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo
,
(
Gnaeus
Pompeius
Strabo
(died 87 BC).
was a wealthy landed Italian provincial from
Picenum
, one of the
homines novi
(new men). Pompeius Strabo ascended the traditional
cursus honorum
, becoming
quaestor
in 104 BC,
praetor
in 92 BC and
consul
in 89 BC, and acquired a reputation for greed, political double-dealing and military ruthlessness. He supported
Sulla
's traditionalist
optimates
against the
popularist
general
Marius
in the
first Marian-Sullan
war. He died during the Marian siege against Rome in 87 BC, either as a casualty of pandemic plague, or struck by lightning, or possibly both.
[3]
In Plutarch's account, his body was dragged from its
bier
by the mob.
His nineteen-year-old son Pompey inherited his estates, his political leanings and the loyalty of his legions.
Pompey the Great in middle age,
marble bust
in the
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
,
Copenhagen
,
Denmark
Pompey had served two years under his father's command, and was involved in the final acts of the
Marsic Social War
against the Italians. He returned to Rome and was prosecuted for misappropriation of plunder: his betrothal to the judge's daughter,
Antistia
, secured a rapid acquittal.
[5]
For the next few years, the
Marians
had possession of Italy.
[6]
When Sulla returned from campaign against
Mithridates
in
83 BC
, Pompey raised three Picenean legions to support him against the Marian regime of
Gnaeus Papirius Carbo
.
[7]
Sulla and his allies displaced the Marians in Italy and Rome: Sulla, now
Dictator
of Rome, was impressed by the young Pompey's self-confident performance. He addressed him as
imperator
and offered his stepdaughter,
Aemilia Scaura
, in marriage. Aemilia – already married and pregnant – divorced her husband and Pompey divorced Antistia.
[8]
Though Aemilia died in childbirth soon after, the marriage confirmed Pompey's loyalty and greatly boosted his career.
[9]
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