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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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3- رمسيس الثاني
·
Ramesses II
(reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
Ramesses II (c. 1303 BC – July or August 1213 BC;
Egyptian
:
*Ri
ʻmīsis
u
, alternatively
transcribed
as Rameses
/
ˈ
r
æ
m
ə
s
iː
z
/
[5]
and Ramses
/
ˈ
r
æ
m
s
iː
z
/
or
/
ˈ
r
æ
m
z
iː
z
/
),
[6]
referred to as Ramesses the Great, was the third Egyptian
pharaoh
(reigned
1279 BC
– 1213 BC) of the
Nineteenth dynasty
. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the
Egyptian Empire
.
[7]
His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor". Ramesses II led several military expeditions into the
Levant
, re-asserting Egyptian control over
Canaan
. He also led expeditions to the south, into
Nubia
, commemorated in inscriptions at
Beit el-Wali
and
Gerf Hussein
.
At age fourteen, Ramesses was appointed
Prince Regent
by his father
Seti I
.
[7]
He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 BC to 1213 BC
[8]
for 66 years and 2 months, according to both
Manetho
and Egypt's contemporary historical records. He was once said to have lived to be 99 years old, but it is more likely that he died in his 90th or 91st year. If he became Pharaoh in 1279 BC as most Egyptologists today believe, he would have assumed the throne on May 31, 1279 BC, based on his known accession date of III
Shemu
day 27.
[9]
[10]
Ramesses II celebrated an unprecedented 14
sed festivals
(the first held after thirty years of a pharaoh's reign, and then every three years) during his reign—more than any other pharaoh.
[11]
On his death, he was buried in
a tomb
in the
Valley of the Kings
;
[12]
his body was later moved to a
royal cache
where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display in the
Cairo Museum
.
[13]
The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples and monuments. He established the city of
Pi-Ramesses
in the Nile Delta as his new capital and main base for his campaigns in Syria. This city was built on the remains of the city of
Avaris
, the capital of the
Hyksos
when they took over, and was the location of the main Temple of
Set
. He is also known as
Ozymandias
in the Greek sources
[14]
, from a transliteration into
Greek
of a part of Ramesses's
throne name
,
Usermaatre
Setepenre
, "
Ra
's mighty
truth
, chosen of Ra".
[15]
Early in his life, Ramesses II embarked on numerous campaigns to return previously held territories back from Nubian and Hittite hands and to secure Egypt's borders. He was also responsible for suppressing some
Nubian
revolts and carrying out a campaign in
Libya
. Although the famous
Battle of Kadesh
often dominates the scholarly view of Ramesses II's military prowess and power, he nevertheless enjoyed more than a few outright victories over the enemies of Egypt. During Ramesses II's reign, the Egyptian army is estimated to have totaled about 100,000 men; a formidable force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence.
[16]
.
Death and legacy
By the time of his death, aged about 90 years, Ramesses was suffering from severe dental problems and was plagued by
arthritis
and hardening of the
arteries
.
[56]
He had made Egypt rich from all the supplies and riches he had collected from other empires. He had outlived many of his wives and children and left great memorials all over
Egypt
, especially to his beloved first queen
Nefertari
. Nine more pharaohs took the name Ramesses in his honour, but none equalled his greatness. Nearly all of his subjects had been born during his reign. Ramesses II did become the legendary figure he so desperately wanted to be, but this was not enough to protect Egypt. New enemies were attacking the empire, which also suffered internal problems and could not last indefinitely. Less than 150 years after Ramesses died the Egyptian empire fell and the
New Kingdom
came to an end.
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