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74- رام خنهاج
·
Ram Khamhaeng
(
around 1237 to
1247-1298), King of
Sukhothai
(in present day Thailand)
Pho Khun Ram Khamhaeng (
Thai
:
พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช
;
Pho Khun Ramkhamhaeng
; b.
around 1237–1247
– d. 1298) was the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the
Sukhothai Kingdom
(a forerunner of the modern kingdom of
Thailand
) from 1278–1298, during its most prosperous era. He is credited with the creation of the
Thai alphabet
and the firm establishment of
Theravada
Buddhism as the state religion of the kingdom. Recent scholarship has cast doubt on his role, however, noting that much of the information relating to his rule may have been fabricated in the 19th century in order to legitimize the Siamese state in the face of colonial threats.
[1]
Life and rule
Birth
His parents were Prince Bang Klang Hao, who ruled as King
Sri Indraditya
, and Queen Sueang,
[2]
although a
legend describes his parents as an
ogress
named Kangli and a fisherman.
He had four siblings, including two older brothers and two sisters.
The eldest brother died while still youn
g.
The second,
Ban Muang
, became king following their father's death, and was succeeded by Ram Khamhaeng following his own death.
Name
At the age of 19, he participated in his father's successful invasion of the city of
Sukhothai
, formerly a vassal of the
Khmer
and essentially establishing the independent Sukhothai kingdom. Because of his conduct at war, he was given the title "Phra Ram Khamhaeng", or
Rama
the Bold. After his father's death his elder brother Ban Muang ruled the kingdom and gave Prince Ramkhamhaeng control of the city of
Si Sat Chanalai
.
The Royal Institute of Thailand speculates that Prince Ram Khamhaeng's birth name was "Ram" (derived from the name of the Hindu epic
Ramayana
's hero Rama), for the name of him following his coronation was "Pho Khun Ramarat" (
Thai
:
พ่อขุนรามราช
). Furthermore, at that time there existed a tradition to give the name of grandfather to grandson; according to the 11th Stone Inscription and Luang Prasoet Aksoranit's Ayutthaya Chronicles, Ram Khamhaeng had a grandson named "Phraya Ram", and two grandsons of Phraya Ram were named "Phraya Ban Mueang" and "Phraya Ram".
Accession to the Throne
Historian Tri Amattayakun (
Thai
:
ตรี อมาตยกุล
) suggested that Ram Khamhaeng should have accessed to the throne
in 1279
, the year he grew a
sugar palm
tree in Sukhothai City. Prof Prasoet Na Nakhon of the Royal Institute speculates that this event was one in a tradition of
Thai-Ahom
's monarchs of planting
banyan
or sugar palm tree on the coronation day in the belief that their reign would achieve the same stature as the tree.
Rule
Ramkhamhaeng formed an alliance with the
Yuan Dynasty
of
Mongol Empire
, from whom he imported the techniques for making
ceramics
now known as
Sangkhalok
ware. Additionally, he had close relationships with the neighboring rulers of nearby city-states, namely Ngam Muang, the ruler of neighboring
Phayao
(whose wife he, according to legend, seduced) and
King Mangrai
of
Chiang Mai
. According to Thai national history, Ramkhamhaeng expanded his kingdom as far as
Lampang
,
Phrae
and
Nan
in the north, and
Phitsanulok
and
Vientiane
in the east, the Mon states of Burma in the west, as far as the
Gulf of Bengal
in the northwest and
Nakhon Si Thammarat
in the south. Yet, as historian Thongchai Winichakul notes, kingdoms such as Sukhothai lacked distinct borders, instead being centered on the strength of the capital itself.
[4]
Claims of Ramkhamhaeng's large kingdom were, according to Thongchai, intended to assert Siamese/Thai dominance over mainland Southeast Asia.
[4]
According to Thai history, Ramkhamhaeng is traditionally credited with developing the
Thai alphabet
(
Lai Sue Thai
) from
Sanskrit
,
Pali
and
Grantha script
. His rule is often cited by apologists for the Thai monarchy as evidence of a "benevolent monarchy" still existing today.
[5]
As such, the topic is a sensitive one under Thai
lèse majesté
laws.
Death
According to a Chinese chronicle, Ram Khamhaeng died in 1298 and was succeeded by his son,
Loethai
or some Chronicle Ram Khamhaeng died in 1317.
Ramkhamhaeng University
, the first open university in Thailand with campuses throughout the country and in some certain countries, has been named after King Ramkhamhaeng the Great.
Legacy
The Ramkhamhaeng stele
Much of the above biographical information comes from a stone inscription in the Ramkhamhaeng stele, now in the
National Museum
in
Bangkok
.
This stone was allegedly discovered in 1833 by King
Mongkut
(then still a monk) in the
Wat Mahathat
. The authenticity of the stone – or at least portions of it – has been brought into question.
[6]
Piriya Krairiksh, an academic at the Thai Khadi Research institute, notes that the stele's treatment of vowels suggests that its creators had been influenced by European alphabet systems; thus, he concludes that the stele was fabricated by someone during the reign of Rama IV himself, or shortly before. The matter is very controversial, since if the stone is in fact a fabrication, the entire history of the period will have to be re-written.
[7]
احد إخوته مات صغيرا ثم تولى الأخ الثاني الحكم بعد موت الاب ليموت هو بدوره ليتوى صاحبنا
الحكم لكن لا يعرف متى حصل ذلك كما ان هناك خلاف على تاريخ ولادته.
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