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77- رومن العظيم
·
Roman the Great
(
after 1160
-1205),
Grand Prince of Kiev
Roman Mstislavich
[1]
[2]
(
Russian
and
Ukrainian
:
Роман Мстиславич
), also Roman Mstyslavych
[3]
or Roman the Great,
[4]
(after 1160 –
Zawichost
, October 14, 1205) was a
Rus’
prince,
Grand Prince of Kiev
(a member of the
Rurik dynasty
).
[3]
He was
prince of Novgorod
(1168–1170),
of Vladimir-in-Volhynia
(1170–1189, 1189–1205), and
of Halych
(1189, 1198/99–1205).
[2]
By seizing the throne of Halych, he became the master of all western
Rus’
.
[5]
In the early 13th century, the
Byzantine imperial title
, "
autocrate
"
(αύτοκράτωρ)
was applied by the
chroniclers
to him, but there is no evidence that he assumed it officially.
[5]
He waged two successful campaigns against the
Cumans
, from which he returned with many rescued captives.
[3]
The effect of Roman’s victory was, however, undermined by new dissensions among the princes of Rus’.
[5]
Roman died in a battle with the
Poles
.
[5]
He founded the Romanovich dynasty
[3]
that would rule Vladimir-in-Volhynia and Halych until 1340.
[6]
Early years
He was the eldest son of
Mstislav Izyaslavich
( Died August, 1170 )
(who was prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia at that time), and
Agnes
,
(Agnes of Poland (
Polish
:
Agnieszka Bolesławówna
,
Russian
:
Агнешка Болеславовна
; b. 1137 - d. aft. 1182
)
a daughter of Duke
Bolesław III of Poland
.
[1]
After the
Novgorodians
had expelled their prince, Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich, Roman was sent to
Novgorod
on April 14, 1168 by his father (who had earlier occupied
Kiev
).
[2]
However, the
princes of Smolensk
(Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich’s brothers) and Prince
Andrey Yuryevich of Vladimir
(who had supported Svyatoslav IV Rostislavich’s rule in Novgorod) spent the rest of the year conspiring and forming alliances against Mstislav Izyaslavich.
[2]
Following the death of Mstislav Iziaslavich on August
, 1170,
the Novgorodians expelled Roman and invited Andrey Yuryevich to be prince, and the latter sent
Ryurik Rostislavich
to rule Novgorod.
[2]
Prince of Vladimir-in-Volhynia
When his father died, Roman was bequeathed the Principality of Vladimir-in-Volhynia.
[3]
He subdued the
Yatvingians
, and harnessed the captives instead of
oxen
to drag the
plows
on his estates.
[5]
Roman married Predslava Ryurikovna, a daughter of Ryurik Rostislavich (who had followed him in Novgorod).
[1]
Their eldest daughter was married to Vasilko Vladimirovich, a grandson of Prince
Yaroslav Volodimerovich Osmomysl of Halych
, but later she was repudiated.
[1]
Following the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl on October 1, 1187, trouble began in the
Principality of Halych
, due to the strife between his two sons,
[5]
Oleg
and
Vladimir Yaroslavich
.
[2]
Roman urged the Galicians to evict Vladimir Yaroslavich and make him their prince.
[2]
But they failed either to expel Vladimir Yaroslavich or to kill him.
[2]
When, however, the Galicians threatened to kill his wife, Vladimir Yaroslavich took her and fled to King
Béla III of Hungary
(1172–1196).
[2]
According to a late chronicle, Oleg Yaroslavich was appointed by Duke
Casimir II of Poland
(1177–1194) to rule in Halych, but the Galicians poisoned him and invited Roman to be their prince.
[2]
When accepting their offer, Roman gave his patrimony of Vladimir-in-Volhynia to his brother,
Vsevolod Mstislavich
.
[2]
But King Béla III marched against Roman intending to reinstate Vladimir Yaroslavich,
[2]
and the Hungarians seized the principality.
[5]
But King Béla III, instead of returning Halych to Vladimir Yaroslavich, proclaimed his own son,
Andrew
ruler of the principality.
[5]
Roman was obliged to flee to Vladimir-in-Volhynia, but his brother, Vsevolod Mstislavich refused him entry.
[2]
He therefore went to the Poles, but when they refused to help him, Roman rode to his father-in-law, Ryurik Rostislavich in
Belgorod
.
[2]
Roman solicited military aid from his father-in-law, but the Hungarian troops repelled his attack.
[2]
Ryurik Rostislavich, therefore, helped Roman to drive out Vsevolod Mstislavich from Vladimir-in-Volhynia and return to his patrimony.
[2]
Meanwhile Vladimir Yaroslavich succeeded in escaping from his
dungeon
in
Hungary
; Duke Casimir II also sent Polish troops to Halych to support Vladimir Yaroslavich’s claims.
[5]
At the approach of the expedition, the townspeople rose against the Hungarians and expelled Andrew in 1190.
[5]
Vladimir Yaroslavich requested his uncle Prince
Vsevolod III Yuryevich of Vladimir
to support his rule.
[5]
Vsevolod Yuryevich demanded that all the Rus’ princes, among them Roman, pledge not to challenge Vladimir Yaroslavich in Halych and they agreed.
[2]
On May 17, 1195, Grand Prince Ryurik Rostislavich (Roman’s father-in-law) allocated domains in the
Kievan lands
to the princes in
Monomakh’s dynasty
, and Roman received
Torchesk
,
Trypillia
,
Korsun
,
Bohuslav
, and
Kaniv
.
[2]
Vsevolod III Yuryevich, however, threatened to wage war when he learnt of the allocations, and therefore Roman agreed to relinquish the towns in exchange for comparable domains or a suitable payment in
kuny
.
[2]
Ryurik Rostislavich therefore gave the five towns to Vsevolod III Yuryevich, who, in turn, handed over Torchesk to his son-in-law, Rostislav Rurikovich (who was the brother of Roman’s wife).
[2]
On learning that his brother-in-law had received Torchesk, Roman accused his father-in-law, Ryurik Rostislavich of contriving to give the domain to his son from the very start.
[2]
Ryurik Rostislavich also warned Roman that they could not afford to alienate Vsevolod III Yuryevich because all the princes in Monomakh’s dynasty recognized him as their senior prince.
[2]
Roman refused to be mollified and conspired against his father-in-law, and turned to Prince
Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich of Chernigov
who agreed to join him.
[2]
When Ryurik Rostislavich learnt how Roman had persuaded Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich to seize Kiev, he informed Vsevolod III Yuryevich.
[2]
Fearing retribution, Roman rode to the Poles where he was wounded in battle; he therefore asked Ryurik Rostislavich for clemency.
[2]
Metropolitan Nikifor reconciled the two princes, and Ryurik Rostislavich gave Roman the town of Polonyy (southwest of
Kamianets
) and a district on the river
Ros’
.
[2]
In the autumn of 1196 Roman ordered his lieutenants to use Polonyy as their base for raiding the domains belonging to his father-in-law’s brother (Prince David Rostislavich of Smolensk) and son (Prince Rostislav Rurikovich of Torchesk).
[2]
Ryurik Rostislavich retaliated by sending his nephew, Prince
Mstislav Mstislavich of Trepol
to Vladimir Yaroslavich of Halych instructing him to join Mstislav Mstislavich in attacking Roman’s lands.
[2]
Accordingly, Vladimir Yaroslavich and Mstislav Mstislavich razed Roman’s district around Peremil, while Rostislav Ryurikovich and his force attacked Roman’s district near Kamianets.
[2]
At about that time, Roman began repudiating his wife, Ryurik Rostislavich’s daughter, and threatening to confine her to a
monastery
.
[2]
يتيم الأب في سن العاشرة وماتت أمه وهو في سن 22
يتيم الأب في سن الـ 10
رد مع الإقتباس