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80- سارغون
·
Sargon of Akkad
(died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great "the Great King" (
Akkadian
Šarru-kīnu
, meaning "the true
king
" or "the king is legitimate"),
[1]
was a
Semitic
Akkadian
emperor famous for his
conquest
of the
Sumerian
city-states in the 23rd and 22nd centuries BC. The founder of the Dynasty of Akkad, Sargon reigned in the last quarter of the third millennium BC. He became a prominent member of the royal court of
Kish
, killing the king and usurping his throne before embarking on the quest to conquer Mesopotamia. He was originally referred to as
Sargon I
until records concerning an
Assyrian
king also named Sargon (now usually referred to as Sargon I) were unearthed.
[2]
Sargon's vast empire is thought to have included large parts of
Mesopotamia
, and included parts of modern-day
Iran
,
Asia Minor
and
Syria
. He ruled from a new, but as yet archaeologically unidentified capital, Akkad (Agade), which the
Sumerian king list
claims he built (or possibly renovated).
[3]
He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled
empire
, although the Sumerians
Lugal-anne-mundu
and
Lugal-zage-si
also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.
[4]
Origins and rise to power
The exact dates of Sargon's birth, death or even reign are unknown. According to the
short chronology
, he reigned from 2270 to 2215 BC (the Middle Chronology lists his reign as 2334 to 2279 BC). These dates are based on the
Sumerian king list
[5]
Sargon was likely a regnal name; his given name is unknown.
[6]
The story of Sargon's birth and childhood is given in the "Sargon legend", a
Sumerian
text purporting to be Sargon's biography.[
citation needed
] The extant versions are incomplete, but the surviving fragments name Sargon's father as
La'ibum
. After a
lacuna
, the text skips to
Ur-Zababa
, king of
Kish
, who awakens after a dream, the contents of which are not revealed on the surviving portion of the tablet. For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his
cupbearer
. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa invites Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of the goddess
Inanna
and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess. Deeply frightened, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands of Beliš-tikal, the chief smith, but Inanna prevents it, demanding that Sargon stop at the gates because of his being "polluted with blood." When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again, and decides to send Sargon to king
Lugal-zage-si
of
Uruk
with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon.
[7]
The legend breaks off at this point; presumably, the missing sections described how Sargon becomes king.
[8]
The Sumerian king list relates: "In Agade [Akkad], Sargon, whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, became king, the king of Agade, who built Agade; he ruled for 56 years." There are several problems with this entry in the king list.
Thorkild Jacobsen
marked the clause about Sargon's father being a gardener as a lacunae, indicating his uncertainty about its meaning.
[9]
Furthermore, confusingly, Ur-Zababa and Lugal-zage-si are both listed as kings, but several generations apart.[
citation needed
] The claim that Sargon was the original founder of Akkad has come into question in recent years, with the discovery of an inscription mentioning the place and dated to the first year of
Enshakushanna
, who almost certainly preceded him.
[10]
This claim of the king list had been the basis for earlier speculation by a number of scholars that Sargon was an inspiration for the mythical biblical figure of
Nimrod
.
[11]
The
Weidner Chronicle
(
ABC
19:51) states that it was Sargon who built
Babylon
"in front of Akkad."
[12]
[13]
The
Chronicle of Early Kings
(ABC 20:18-19) likewise states that late in his reign, Sargon "dug up the soil of the pit of Babylon, and made a counterpart of Babylon next to Agade."
[13]
[14]
Van de Mieroop suggested that those two chronicles may in fact refer to the much later Assyrian king,
Sargon II
of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire
, rather than to Sargon of Akkad
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