الموضوع
:
أعظم الناس:ما سر عظمتهم!!..وهل لليتم دور في العظمة؟
عرض مشاركة واحدة
02-23-2012, 08:57 PM
المشاركة
153
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
83- سايمون الاول العظيم
·
Simeon I of Bulgaria
(864/865-927), ruler of the
First Bulgarian Empire
Simeon
(also
Symeon
)
I the Great
(
Bulgarian
: Симеон I Велики, transliterated
Simeon I Veliki
[2]
[simɛˈɔn ˈpɤ̞rvi vɛˈliki]
) ruled over
Bulgaria
from 893 to 927,
[3]
during the
First Bulgarian Empire
. Simeon's successful campaigns against the
Byzantines
,
Magyars
and
Serbs
led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever,
[4]
making it the most powerful state in contemporary
Eastern Europe
.
[5]
His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the
Golden Age
of
Bulgarian culture
.
[6]
During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the
Aegean
, the
Adriatic
and the
Black Sea
,
[7]
[8]
and the new Bulgarian capital
Preslav
was said to rival
Constantinople
.
[8]
[9]
The newly independent
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
became the first new
patriarchate
besides the
Pentarchy
, and Bulgarian
Glagolitic
translations of
Christian
texts spread all over the
Slavic
world of the time.
[10]
Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of
Emperor
(
Tsar
),
[11]
having prior to that been styled
Prince
(
Knyaz
).
[12]
Biography
Background and early life
Simeon was born in 864 or 865, as the third son of Knyaz
Boris I
[12]
of
Krum
's dynasty.
[13]
As Boris was the ruler who
Christianized Bulgaria
in 865, Simeon was a Christian all his life.
[12]
[14]
Because his eldest brother
Vladimir
was designated heir to the Bulgarian throne, Boris intended Simeon to become a high-ranking cleric,
[15]
possibly Bulgarian archbishop, and sent him to the leading
University of Constantinople
to receive theological education when he was thirteen or fourteen.
[14]
He took the
Hebrew
name
Simeon
[16]
as a novice in a monastery in Constantinople.
[14]
During the decade (ca. 878–888) he spent in the Byzantine capital, he received excellent education and studied the rhetoric of
Demosthenes
and
Aristotle
.
[17]
He also learned fluent
Greek
, to the extent that he was referred to as "the half-Greek" in Byzantine chronicles.
[18]
He is speculated to have been tutored by
Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople
,
[19]
but this is not supported by any source.
[14]
Around 888, Simeon returned to Bulgaria and settled at the newly established royal monastery of
Preslav
"at the mouth of the
Tiča
",
[21]
where, under the guidance of
Naum of Preslav
, he engaged in active translation of important religious works from Greek to
Old Church Slavonic
(
Old Bulgarian
), aided by other students from Constantinople.
[14]
Meanwhile, Vladimir had succeeded Boris, who had retreated to a monastery, as ruler of Bulgaria. Vladimir attempted to reintroduce
paganism
in the empire and possibly signed an anti-Byzantine pact with
Arnulf of Carinthia
,
[22]
forcing Boris to re-enter political life. Boris had Vladimir imprisoned and blinded, and then appointed Simeon as the new ruler.
[23]
[24]
This was done at an
assembly in Preslav
which also proclaimed Bulgarian as the only language of state and church
[25]
and moved the Bulgarian capital from
Pliska
to Preslav, to better cement the recent conversion.
[26]
It is not known why Boris did not place his second son, Gavril, on the throne, but instead preferred Simeon.
تربى في دير ليصبح رجل دين ولا يعرف شيء عن امه.
مجهول
]
رد مع الإقتباس