الموضوع
:
أعظم الناس:ما سر عظمتهم!!..وهل لليتم دور في العظمة؟
عرض مشاركة واحدة
02-24-2012, 05:07 PM
المشاركة
154
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
84- ستيفن الثالث
Stephen III of Moldavia
(1433–1504), Prince of
Moldavia
(Romania)
Stephen III of Moldavia (also known as Stefan the Great,
Romanian
:
Ș
tefan cel Mare
, pronounced
[
mare]
or
Ș
tefan cel Mare
ș
i Sfânt
, "Stefan the Great and Holy"; 1433, Borze
ș
ti – July 2, 1504) was
Prince
of
Moldavia
between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent representative of the
House of Mu
ș
at
.
During his reign, he strengthened Moldavia and maintained its independence against the ambitions of
Hungary
,
Poland
, and the
Ottoman Empire
, which all sought to subdue the land. Stephen achieved fame in Europe for his long resistance against the Ottomans. He was victorious in 46 of his 48 battles, and was one of the first to gain a decisive victory over the Ottomans at the
Battle of Vaslui
, after which
Pope
Sixtus IV
deemed him
verus
christianae fidei athleta
(
true Champion of Christian Faith
). He was a man of religion and displayed his piety when he paid the debt of
Mount Athos
to the
Porte
, ensuring the continuity of Athos as an autonomous monastical community.
Early life and rise to power
Stefan the Great was a member of the ruling
House of Mu
ș
at
. His father
Bogdan II
had ruled Moldavia for two years (1449 to 1451
) before being killed in a stealthy raid led by Stephen's uncle,
Petru Aron
. Bogdan II was attending a wedding of one of his boyars - who apparently was in collusion with Petru Aron - and the surprise was complete. Stephen barely escaped with his life,
but his father was captured and beheaded on the spot by his stepbrother Petru Aron
. Between 1451 and 1457, Moldavia was in turmoil from the civil war between Petru Aron and
Alexăndrel
- a nephew of
Alexander the Good
.
Following the outbreak of the conflict, Stephen took refuge in
Transylvania
, seeking the protection of military commander
John Hunyadi
. After that, he moved to the court of his first cousin
Vlad III Dracul
and, in 1457, managed to receive 6,000 horsemen as military assistance, putting them to use in a victorious battle against Petru Aron at
Dolje
ș
ti
, near
Roman
. Following another lost battle at
Orbic
, Aron fled to Poland, while Stefan was crowned Prince. Two years later, he led an incursion into Poland in search of Aron, but was met with resistance. Instead, a treaty was signed between Moldavia and Poland, through which Stephen recognized
King
Kazimierz IV Jagiellon
as his
suzerain
, while Aron was banned from entering Moldavia.
Rule
Menaced by powerful neighbours, he successfully repelled an invasion by the
Hungarian King
Matthias Corvinus
, defeating him in the
Battle of Baia
(in 1467), crushed an
invading Tatar
force at
Lipnic
and invaded
Wallachia
in 1471 (the latter had by then succumbed to Ottoman power and had become its vassal). When the Ottoman
Sultan
Mehmed II
launched a retaliatory attack on Moldavia, Stephen defeated the invaders at the
Battle of Vaslui
in 1475, a victory which temporarily halted the
Turkish advance
. Stephen was defeated at
Războieni
(
Battle of Valea Albă
) the next year, but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see
siege of Cetatea Neam
ț
ului
) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "
cut off the
pagan
's right hand
" - as he put it in a letter.
Stefan helped to oust
Vlad
Ț
epe
ș
's brother,
Radu the Handsome
who had converted to
Islam
and later became the Ottoman commander of Wallachia, he then installed
Laiotă Basarab the Old
on the throne in the hope of bringing Wallachia back into the Christian camp. This proved to be illusory, as Laiotă quickly turned his back on Stephen, deeming that Ottoman protection would better help him consolidate his rule. With Stephen's support, Laiotă was removed from the throne in 1482 by
Vlad Călugărul
, brother to Vlad Tepes, and for the remainder of the 15th century Wallachia remained relatively stable under his rule.
After 1484, when he lost the fortresses of
Chilia Nouǎ
and
Cetatea Albǎ
to an Ottoman
blitz
invasion, Stephen had to face not only new Turkish onslaughts which he defeated again on November 16, 1485 at
Catlabuga Lake
and at
Ș
cheia
on the
Siret River
in March 1486, but also the Polish designs on Moldavian independence. Finally on 20 August 1503
[1]
he concluded a treaty with Sultan
Beyazid II
that preserved Moldavia's self rule, at the cost of an annual
tribute
to the Turks.
From the 16th century on, the Principality of Moldavia would spend three hundred years as an Ottoman
vassal
. In his late years, he dealt successfully with a Polish invasion, defeating the Poles at the
Battle of the Cosmin Forest
.
يتيم في سن الـ 18
رد مع الإقتباس