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مراقب عام سابقا
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- ستيفن اورس الرابع
·
Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia
(c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
Stephen
Uroš IV Dušan
the Mighty
(
Serbian
:
pronounced c
. 1308
– 20 December 1355), was the
King of Serbia
(from 8 September 1331) and
Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
(from 16 April 1346) until his death on 20 December 1355. Dušan managed to conquer a large part of
Southeast Europe
, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs in his time. He enacted the constitution of the
Serbian Empire
in
Dušan's Code
, one of, if not the most
important work
of
medieval Serbia
. Dušan promoted the
Serbian Church from an Archbishopric to a Patriarchate
, finished the construction of the
Visoki Dečani
-monastery (
UNESCO item
), and founded the
Saint Archangels Monastery
, among others. Under his rule Serbia reached its territorial, economical, political and cultural peak.
His death in 1355 is seen as the end of resistance towards the advancing
Ottoman Empire
, and the subsequent fall of the
Eastern Orthodox Church
in the region.
[1]
His Crown is presently kept at the
Cetinje Monastery
, in
Montenegro
.
Serbian crown
In 1314, the initial heir
Stephen Uroš III
(Dušan's father) quarreled with his father
Stephen Uroš II Milutin
, who ended up sending Uroš III to
Constantinople
, to have him blinded. Uroš III was never totally blinded, however. After 1317, Uroš III wrote to Danilo, the Bishop of Hum, asking him to intervene with his father. Danilo then wrote to
Archbishop Nicodemus of Serbia
, who spoke with Milutin and persuaded him to recall his son.
[2]
In 1320 Uroš III was permitted to return to Serbia, and was given the
appanage
of 'Budimlje' (modern
Berane
). His half-brother and heir to the crown,
Stephen Constantine
had the title
King of Zeta
. Uroš II became ill and died on October 29, 1321, and Constantine was crowned King.
Civil war erupted when Constantine refused to submit to Uroš III, who then invaded Zeta, and in the ensuing battle, Constantine was killed. After the victory, on January 6, 1322, the Serbian Archbishop Nicodemus crowned Uroš
King
and Dušan
Young King
.
[3]
As Dušan was intended heir, he would govern Zeta, as Constantine and his predecessors had done.
[4]
In the meantime, Uroš III's cousin
Stephen Vladislav II
mobilized local support from
Rudnik
,
Stephen Dragutin
's former appanage.
[4]
Vladislav called himself King, and was supported by the Hungarians, consolidating control over his lands and preparing for battle with Uroš III.
[4]
As the case was with their fathers, Serbia was divided by two independent rulers; in 1322 and 1323 Ragusan merchants freely visited both lands.
[4]
In 1323, war broke out between the cousins. In the fall Vladislav still held Rudnik, but by the end of 1323, it was being held by Uroš' forces; Vladislav appeared to have fled north.
[4]
Vladislav was defeated in battle in late 1324, and fled to Hungary,
[5]
leaving the Serbian throne to Uroš III as undisputed
King of All Serbian and Maritime lands".
Personal traits
Contemporary writers described Dušan as unusually tall and strong for his age, "the tallest man of his time", very handsome, and one of the rare leaders full of dynamism, quick intelligence and strength.
[6]
[7]
He had "a kingly presence".
[8]
According to the contemporary depictions of him, he had dark hair and brown eyes, in adult age he grew beard and longer hair.
Biography
Youth and usurpation
Uroš IV Dušan was the eldest son of King
Uroš III
of Dečani
and
Theodora Smilets
, the daughter of emperor
Smilets of Bulgaria
. He was born in ca.
1308
, in Serbia, but with his fathers exile in 1314, the family lives in
Constantinople
until 1320, when his father is pardoned and allowed to return. In Constantinople he learned
Greek
, gained an understanding of Byzantine life and culture, and became acquainted with the
Byzantine Empire
. He was, on the whole, more a soldier than a diplomat; in his youth he fought exceptionally in two battles; in 1329 he defeated the
Bosnian
ban
Stephen II Kotromanić
, and in 1330 the
Bulgarian
emperor
Michael III Shishman
in the
Battle of Velbazhd
. Uroš III appointed his nephew
Ivan Stephen
(through
Anna Neda
) at the throne of Bulgaria in August 1330.
Right after the battle of Velbazhd, Uroš III had the chance to attack the Byzantines, but he chose not to, resulting in the alienation of many nobles,
[9]
who sought to expand to the south.
[10]
By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father,
[9]
perhaps pressured by the nobility.
[10]
According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, evil advisors turned Uroš III against his son; he decided to seize and exclude Dušan of his inheritance. Uroš III sent an army into
Zeta
against his son, the army ravaged
Skadar
, but Dušan had crossed the
Bojana
. A brief period of anarchy in parts of Serbia took place, before the father and son concluded peace in April 1331.
[9]
Three months later, Uroš III ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan marched from Skadar to
Nerodimlje
, where he besieged his father.
[9]
Uroš III fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. He then pursuited his father, catching up with him at
Petrić
. On 21 August 1331, Uroš III surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned.
[9]
Dušan is crowned
King of All Serbian and Maritime lands
in the first week of September.
[10]
The civil war had prevented Serbia from aiding Ivan Stephen and Anna Neda in Bulgaria, who were deposed in March 1331, taking refuge in the mountains.
Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria
feared for the danger of Serbia as the situation there had settled, and immediately sought peace with Dušan.
[10]
As Dušan wanted to move against richer Byzantium, the two concluded peace and an alliance in December 1331, accepting Ivan Alexander as ruler. It was sealed with the marriage of Dušan and
Helena
, the sister of Ivan Alexander.
[10]
Bulgaria became a vassal of the Serbian Empire.[
citation needed
]
Early reign
Some raids into Macedonia were made in late 1331, but the major attack on Byzantium was delayed, Dušan had to suppress revolts in Zeta in 1332.
[11]
Dušan's ingratitude to his former aids (the Zetan nobility were possibly neglected their promised reward and greater influence) may have been the cause of the rebellion, which was suppressed in the course of 1332.
[11]
In the first years of his reign, Dušan started to fight against the
Byzantine Empire
(1334), and warfare continued with interruptions of various duration until his death in 1355. Twice he became involved in larger conflicts with the
Hungarians
, but these clashes were mostly defensive. Dušan's armies were defeated by
Louis the Great
's 80,000 strong royal armies in
Mačva
, therefore Dušan had lost the control over his former territories: vojvodine of
Macsó
(Mačva) and the principality of
Travunia
in 1349. After this setback, he focused his attention on the internal affairs of his country, writing, in 1349, the first statute book of the Serbs.
[12]
Dušan was successful against Louis' vassals; he defeated the armies of the Croatian ban and the forces of southern Hungarian voivodes. He was at peace with the
Bulgarians
, who even helped him on several occasions, and he is said to have visited Ivan Alexander at his capital. Dušan exploited the
civil war
in the Byzantine Empire between regent
Anna of Savoy
for the minor Emperor
John V Palaiologos
and his father's general
John Kantakouzenos
. Dušan and Ivan Alexander picked opposite sides in the conflict, but remained at peace with each other, taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war to secure gains for themselves.
Dušan's systematic offensive began in 1342 and in the end he conquered all Byzantine territories in the western
Balkans
as far as
Kavala
, except for the
Peloponnesus
and
Thessaloniki
, which he could not conquer because he had too small of a fleet. There has been speculation that Dušan's ultimate goal was no less than to conquer Constantinople and replace the declining Byzantine Empire with a united Orthodox Greco-Serbian Empire under his control.
[13]
[14]
In May 1344, his commander Preljub was stopped at
Stephaniana by a Turkic force
of 3,100.
[15]
The battle was won by the Turks, but it was not able to thwart the Serbian conquest of Macedonia.
[16]
[17]
In 1343, he added "of Romans (Greeks)" to his self-styled title "King of Serbia, Albania and the coast".
[18]
In 1345 he began calling himself
tsar
, equivalent of Emperor, this is attested in charters to two athonite monasteries, one from November and one from January 1346, and around Christmas 1345 at a council meeting in
Serres
,which was conquered on Sept 25th 1345, he proclaimed himself "Tsar of the Serbs and Romans" (
Romans
is equivalent to
Greeks
in Serbian documents).
[18]
Autocephaly and coronation as Emperor
On April 16, 1346 (
Easter
), he convoked a huge assembly at
Skopje
, attended by the Serbian Archbishop
Joanikije II
, the
Archbishop of Ochrid
Nikolaj I
, the
Bulgarian Patriarch
Simeon and various religious leaders of
Mount Athos
.
[19]
The assembly and clerics agreed on, and then ceremonially performed the raising of
the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Patriarchate
.
[18]
The Archbishop from now on is titled
Patriarch of Serbia
, although one document called him
Patriarch of Serbs and Greeks
, with the seat at
the monastery of Peć
.
[18]
The
new Patriarch
Joanikije II now solemnly crowned Dušan as "
Emperor
and
autocrat
of
Serbs
and
Romans
" (
Greek
Bασιλε
ὺ
ς κα
ὶ
α
ὐ
τoκράτωρ Σερβίας κα
ὶ
Pωμανίας
).
[18]
Dušan had his son crowned
King of Serbs and Greeks
, giving him nominal rule over the
Serbian lands
, and although Dušan was governing the whole state, he had special responsibility for the "Roman", i.e.
Greek lands
.
[18]
A further increase in the Byzantinization of the Serbian court followed, particularly in court ceremonial and titles.
[18]
As Emperor, Dušan could grant titles only possible as an Emperor.
[20]
In the years that followed, Dušan's half-brother
Symeon Uroš
and brother-in-law
Jovan Asen
became
despotes
.
Jovan Oliver
already had the despot title, granted to him by Andronikos III. His brother-in-law
Dejan Dragaš
and
Branko
is granted the title of
sebastocrator
. The military commanders (
voivodes
)
Preljub
and
Vojihna
receive the title of
caesar
.
[20]
The raising of the Serbian Patriarch resulted in the same spirit, bishoprics became metropolitans, as for example the
Metropolitanate of Skopje
.
[20]
The Patriarchate took over sovereignty on
Mt. Athos
and the Greek archbishoprics under the rule of the
Constantinople Patriarchate
(The
Ohrid Archbishopric
remained autocephalous). For those acts he was excommunicated by the
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
in 1350.
[20]
-
عاش في بيئة مأزومة حيث نفي والده في عام 1314 وعمره 6 سنوات.
-
البلاد كانت تشده حرب اهلية طاحنة وشارك في الحروب في سن مبكرة.
-
قامت بحرب ضد والده.
-
مات ابوه عام 1331 وعمره 23 نه.
-
لا يعرف شيء عن امه.
مأزوم
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