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87- تيمور
Timur (
Persian
:
تیمور
Timūr
,
Chagatai
:
Temür
"
iron
",
Turkish
:
Demir
"
iron
"; 8 April
1336
– 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane
[1]
in (from
Persian
: تيمور لنگ, Timūr-e Lang, "Timur the Lame"), was a
14th-century
conqueror of
West
,
South
and
Central Asia
, and the founder of the
Timurid dynasty
(1370–1405) in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of
Babur
, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the
Mughal Empire
in India until 1857.
Timur was in his lifetime a controversial figure, and remains so today. He sought to restore the Mongol Empire,
[
yet his heaviest blow was against the Islamized Tatar
Golden Horde
. He was more at home in an urban environment than on the
steppe
. He styled himself a
ghazi
while conducting wars that severely affected some Muslim states, in particular the
Sultanate of Delhi
. A great patron of the arts, his campaigns also caused vast destruction.
Name
Temür
means "
iron
" in the
Chagatai language
. According to the
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
(1972) the term
temür
is possibly derived from a
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
word
*čimara
("iron").
[9]
As an adult he was better known as
Timūr Gurkānī
(تيمور گوركانى),
Gurkān
being the
Persianized
form of the original
Mongolian
word
kürügän
, "son-in-law". One of Timur's ancestors who was known by the name "kara-sharnoban" converted to Islam and married the daughter of
Chagatai Khan
(son of
Genghis Khan
). Timur was thus referred to as the son-in-law of
Chagatai Khan
. Various Persian sources use a byname,
Tīmūr-e Lang
(تیمور لنگ) which translates to "Timur the Lame
", as he was lame after sustaining
an injury to his foot in battle. During his lifetime his enemies taunted him with this name, much to Timur's discomfort. In the West, he is commonly known as
Tamerlane
or
Timur Lenk
, which derives from his Persian byname. In most of the Asian, especially Muslim literature, he is regarded as Amir Temur (Amir, often transliterated as Emir, is a title translating as "Leader" or "Commander").]
Early history
Timur was born in
Transoxiana
, in the City of Kesh (an area now better known as
Shahrisabz
, "the green city"), some 50 miles south of
Samarkand
in modern
Uzbekistan
, then part of the
Chagatai Khanate
. His father, Taraqai, was a small-scale landowner and belonged to the
Barlas
tribe. The Barlas was a
Turko-Mongol
tribe
[10]
which was originally a
Mongol
tribe
[11]
and was
Turkified
[12]
and/or became
Turkic
-speaking
[13]
or intermingling with the Turkic peoples.
[14]
According to
Gérard Chaliand
, Timur was a Muslim
Turk
[15]
but he saw himself as
Genghis Khan
's heir.
[15]
Though not a
Chinggisid
, he clearly sought to evoke the legacy of
Genghis Khan
's conquests during his lifetime.
[16]
Timur was a Muslim, but while his chief official religious counsellor & advisor was the
Hanafite
scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is not known. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor
Sayyid Barakah
, a Shiite leader from
Balkh
who is buried alongside Timur in
Gur-e Amir
. Despite his Hanafi background, Timur was known to hold
Ali
and the
Shia Imams
in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-
Alid
" stance. Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking Shi’is on Sunni grounds and therefore his own religious inclinations remain unclear.
[20]
Military leader
In about 1360 Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with
the Khan
of
Chagatai
, a fellow descendant of Genghis Khan. His career for the next ten or eleven years may be thus briefly summarized from the
Memoirs
. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Kurgan, the dethroner and destroyer of
Volga Bulgaria
, he was to invade
Khorasan
at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition which he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of
Khorezm
and
Urganj
.
After the murder of Kurgan the disputes which arose among the many claimants to
sovereign
power were halted by the invasion of the energetic Jagataite
Tughlugh Temur
of
Kashgar
, another descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur was dispatched on a mission to the invader's camp, the result of which was his own appointment to the head of his own tribe, the
Barlas
, in place of its former leader,
Hajji Beg
.
The exigencies of Timur's quasi-sovereign position compelled him to have recourse to his formidable patron, whose reappearance on the banks of the
Syr Darya
created a consternation not easily allayed. The Barlas were taken from Timur and entrusted to a son of Tughluk, along with the rest of
Mawarannahr
; but he was defeated in battle by the bold warrior he had replaced at the head of a numerically far inferior force.
Rise to power
Tughlugh's death facilitated the work of reconquest, and a few years of perseverance and energy sufficed for its accomplishment, as well as for the addition of a vast extent of territory. It was in this period that Timur reduced the
Chagatai khans
to the position of figureheads, who were deferred to in theory but in reality ignored, while Timur ruled in their name. During this period Timur and his brother-in-law Husayn, at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures full of interest and romance, became rivals and antagonists. At the close of 1369 Husayn was assassinated and Timur, having been formally proclaimed sovereign at
Balkh
, mounted the throne at Samarkand, the capital of his dominions. This event was recorded by Marlowe in his famous work
Tamburlaine the Great
:
[22]
Then shall my native city,
Samarqand
...
Be famous through the furthest continents,
For there my palace-royal shall be placed,
Whose shining turrets shall dismay the heavens,
And cast the fame of lion's tower to hell.
A legendary account of Timur's rise to leadership, recorded among the
Tatar
descendants of the
Qıpchaq Khanate
in
Tobol
, goes as follows:
One day Aksak Temür
[23]
spoke thusly:
"Khan Züdei (in China) rules over the city. We now number fifty to sixty men, so let us elect a leader." So they drove a stake into the ground and said: "We shall run thither and he who among us is the first to reach the stake, may he become our leader". So they ran and Aksak Timur (since he was lame) lagged behind, but before the others reached the stake he threw his cap onto it. Those who arrived first said: "We are the leaders". (But) Aksak Timur said: "My head came in first, I am the leader". In the meanwhile an old man arrived and said: "The leadership should belong to Aksak Timur; your feet have arrived but, before then, his head reached the goal". So they made Aksak Timur their prince.
[24]
[25]
It is notable that Timur never claimed for himself the title of
khan
, styling himself
amir
and acting in the name of the
Chagatai
ruler of Transoxania. Timur was a military genius, but was sometimes lacking in political sense. He tended not to leave a government apparatus behind in lands he conquered and was often faced with the need to reconquer such lands after inevitable rebellions had taken place.
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