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89- ثيودور العظيم
Theodoric the Great (
Gothic
: Þiudareiks;
Latin
:
Flāvius Theodericus
;
Greek
: Θευδέριχος,
Theuderikhos
;
Old English
:
Þēodrīc
;
Old Norse
:
Þjōðrēkr
,
Þīðrēkr
; 454 – August 30, 526) was king of the
Ostrogoths
(471–526),
[1]
ruler of
Italy
(493–526),
regent
of the
Visigoths
(511–526), and a
viceroy
of the
Eastern Roman Empire
. His Gothic name
Þiudareiks
translates into "people-king" or "ruler of the people".
[2]
A son of King
Theodemir
, an
Amali
nobleman, Theodoric was born in
Pannonia
, after his people had defeated the
Huns
at the
Battle of Nedao
. Growing up as a hostage in
Constantinople
, Theodoric received a privileged education, and succeeded his father as leader of the
Pannonian
Ostrogoths in 471 AD. Settling his people in lower
Moesia
, Theodoric came in conflict with
Thracian
Ostrogoths led by
Theodoric Strabo
, whom he eventually supplanted, uniting the peoples in 484.
Subsequently,
Eastern Roman Emperor
Zeno
gave him the title of
Patrician
and the office of
Magister militum
(master of the soldiers), and even appointed him as
Roman Consul
. Trying to achieve further aims, Theodoric frequently ravaged the provinces of the
Eastern Roman Empire
, eventually threatening
Constantinople
itself. In 488, Emperor
Zeno
ordered Theodoric to overthrow the
German
usurper
Odoacer
, who had established himself as
King of Italy
. After a victorious three-year long war, Theodoric killed Odoacer with his own hands, settled his people in
Italy
, around 100,000 to 200,000, and founded a
Kingdom
based in
Ravenna
. Although promoting separation between the
Arian
Ostrogoths
and the Roman population, Theodoric stressed the importance of racial harmony. Seeking to restore the glory of
Ancient Rome
, he ruled Italy in its most peaceful and prosperous period since
Valentinian
, until his death in 526. Memories of his reign made him a
hero of Germanic legend
as
Dietrich von Bern
.
Youth
The man who would later rule under the name of Theodoric was born
in 454 AD
, on the banks of the
Neusiedler See
near
Carnuntum
. This was just a year after the Ostrogoths had thrown off nearly a century of domination by the
Huns
. The son of the King
Theodemir
and
Ereleuva
,
Theodoric went to
Constantinople
as a young boy, as a
hostage
to secure the Ostrogoths' compliance with a treaty Theodemir had concluded with the
Byzantine Emperor
Leo
(ruled 457–474).
والده
Theodoric
(454–526) and
Amalafrida
. When Theodemir died in 475, Theodoric
He lived at the court of Constantinople for many years and learned a great deal about Roman government and military tactics, which served him well when he became the Gothic ruler of a mixed but largely Romanized "barbarian people". Treated with favor by the Emperors
Leo I
and
Zeno
(ruled 474–475 and 476–491), he became
magister militum
(Master of Soldiers) in 483, and one year later he became
consul
. Afterwards, he returned to live among the Ostrogoths when he was 31 years old and became their king in 488.
Reign
At the time, the Ostrogoths were settled in Byzantine territory as
foederati
(allies) of the Romans, but were becoming restless and increasingly difficult for
Zeno
to manage. Not long after Theodoric became king, the two men worked out an arrangement beneficial to both sides. The Ostrogoths needed a place to live, and Zeno was having serious problems with
Odoacer
, the King of Italy who had overthrown the
Western Roman Empire
in 476. Ostensibly a viceroy for Zeno, Odoacer was menacing Byzantine territory and not respecting the rights of Roman citizens in Italy. At Zeno's encouragement, Theodoric invaded Odoacer's kingdom.
Theodoric came with his army to Italy in 488, where he won the battles of
Isonzo
and
Verona
in 489 and at the
Adda
in 490. In 493 he took
Ravenna
. On February 2, 493, Theodoric and Odoacer signed a treaty that assured both parties would rule over Italy. A banquet was organised in order to celebrate this treaty. It was at this banquet that Theodoric, after making a toast, killed Odoacer with his own hands.
Like Odoacer, Theodoric was ostensibly only a
viceroy
for the emperor in Constantinople. In reality, he was able to avoid imperial supervision, and dealings between the emperor and Theodoric were as equals. Unlike Odoacer, however, Theodoric respected the agreement he had made and allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the
synagogues
of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
Theodoric the Great sought alliances with, or hegemony over, the other Germanic kingdoms in the west. He allied with the
Franks
by his marriage to
Audofleda
, sister of
Clovis I
, and married his own female relatives to princes or kings of the
Visigoths
,
Vandals
and
Burgundian
. He stopped the
Vandals
from raiding his territories by threatening the weak Vandal king
Thrasamund
with invasion, and sent a guard of 5,000 troops with his sister
Amalafrida
when she married Thrasamund in 500. For much of his reign, Theodoric was the
de facto
king of the Visigoths as well, becoming regent for the infant Visigothic king, his grandson
Amalric
, following the defeat of
Alaric II
by the Franks under Clovis in 507. The Franks were able to wrest control of
Aquitaine
from the Visigoths, but otherwise Theodoric was able to defeat their incursions.
Thedoric's achievements began to unravel even before his death. He had married off his daughter
Amalasuntha
to the Visigoth
Eutharic
, but Eutharic died in 522 or 523, so no lasting dynastic connection of Ostrogoths and Visigoths was established. In 522, the
Catholic
Burgundian king
Sigismund
killed his own son, Theodoric's grandson, Sergeric. Theodoric retaliated by invading the Burgundian kingdom and then annexing its southern part, probably in 523. The rest was ruled by Sigismund's
Arian
brother
Godomar
, under Gothic protection against the Franks who had captured Sigismund. This brought the territory ruled by Theodoric to its height (see map), but in 523 or 524 the new Catholic Vandal king
Hilderic
imprisoned Amalfrida and killed her Gothic guard. Theodoric was planning an expedition to restore his power over the Vandal kingdom when he died in 526.
قضى طفولته عند الدولة البيزنطية كرهينة ومات ابوه وعمره 21 سنة.
يتيم الاب في الـ 21
رد مع الإقتباس