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Tigranes the Great (
Armenian
:
Տիգրան
Մեծ
;
EA
:
Tigran Mets
,
WA
:
Tigran Medz
,
Greek
:
Τιγράνης
ὁ
Μέγας
)
(140–55 BC
; also called Tigranes II and sometimes Tigranes I) was emperor of
Armenia
under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state east of the Roman Republic.
[1]
He was a member of the
Artaxiad Royal House
. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries, allowing Tigranes to claim the title
Great King
, and involving Armenia in many battles against opponents such as the
Parthian
and
Seleucid
empires, and the
Roman Republic
.
Early years
Tigranes had been a hostage until the age of 40 at the court of King
Mithradates II
of
Parthia
who defeated the Armenians in 105 BCE. Other sources give the date as much earlier, at around 112–111 BCE.
[2]
After the death of King
Tigranes I
in 95 BCE, Tigranes bought his freedom, according to
Strabo
, by handing over "seventy valleys" in
Atropatene
to the Parthians.
[3]
When he came to power, the foundation upon which Tigranes was to build his Empire was already in place, a legacy of the founder of the Artaxiad Dynasty,
Artaxias I
, and subsequent kings. The mountains of Armenia, however, formed natural borders between the different regions of the country and as a result, the feudalistic
nakharars
had significant influence over the regions or provinces in which they were based. This did not suit Tigranes, who wanted to create a centralist empire. He thus proceeded by consolidating his power within Armenia before embarking on his campaign.
[4]
He deposed Artanes, the last king of Armenian
Sophene
and a descendant of
Zariadres
.
[3]
Alliance with Pontus
During the
First Mithridatic War
(90–85 BCE), Tigranes supported
Mithridates VI
of
Pontus
but was careful not to become directly involved in the war.
He rapidly built up his power, allying with Mithridates VI of Pontus and marrying his daughter
Cleopatra
. Tigranes had agreed that he was to extend his influence in the East, while Mithridates was to conquer Roman land in Anatolia and in Europe. By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe.
[4]
Mithridates then put into effect a planned a general attack on Roman and Italians in Anatolia, tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Anatolia against all foreign influence. 80,000 people were slaughtered in the
province of Asia Minor
, known as the
Asiatic Vespers
. The two kings' attempts to control
Cappadocia
and then the massacres resulted in guaranteed
Roman
intervention. The senate decided on
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
, who was then one of the current consuls, to be commander of the army against Mithridates.
[5]
Wars against the Parthians and Seleucids
After the death of
Mithridates II of Parthia
in 88 BCE, Tigranes took advantage of the fact that the Parthian Empire had been weakened by
Scythian
invasions and internal squabbling:
When he acquired power, he recovered these (seventy) valleys, and devastated the country of the Parthians, the territory about Ninus (
Nineveh
), and that about
Arbela
. He subjected to his authority the Atropatenians , and the Goryaeans (on the Upper
Tigris
); by force of arms he obtained possession also of the rest of
Mesopotamia
and, after crossing the
Euphrates
, of
Syria
and Phoenicea.
[6]
In 83 BC, after a bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of
Syria
.
[2]
Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch.
[7]
He then conquered
Phoenicia
and
Cilicia
, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the
Seleucid Empire
, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king
Seleucus VII Philometor
as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as
Ptolemais
(modern
Akko
). Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new
metropolis
of
Tigranakert (Latin name, Tigranocerta)
.
At its height, his empire extended from the
Pontic Alps
(in modern north-eastern Turkey) to
Mesopotamia
, and from the
Caspian Sea
to the Mediterranean. Tigranes apparently invaded territories as far away as
Ecbatana
and took the title
king of kings
which, at the time, according to their coins, even the Parthian kings did not assume. He was called "Tigranes the Great" by many Western historians and writers, such as
Plutarch
. The "King of Kings" never appeared in public without having four kings attending him.
Cicero
, referring to his success in the east, said that he "made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms."
[8]
Tigranes' coin consist of
tetradrachms
and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear-flaps. The reverse has a completely original design. There are the seated
Tyche of Antioch
and the river god
Orontes
at her feet.
قضى اول اربعين عام من عمره رهينة.لا يعرف شيء عن والديه.
مأزوم
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