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ما الذي يصنع القائد العسكري الفذ؟؟!! دراسة بحثية
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08-26-2012, 02:01 PM
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افريكانس
Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236–183 BC), also known as Scipio the African, Scipio the Elder, and Scipio the Great was a general in the
Second Punic War
and statesman of the
Roman Republic
. He was best known for defeating
Hannibal
at the final battle of the Second Punic War at
Zama
, a feat that earned him the
agnomen
Africanus
, the nickname "the Roman Hannibal", as well as recognition as one of the finest commanders in military history. An earlier great display of his tactical abilities had come already at the
Battle of Ilipa
.
Biography</SPAN>
Early years</SPAN>
Publius Cornelius Scipio, later Africanus from his victory at the
Battle of Zama
, the founder of the Africanus branch of the Cornelii Scipiones, was born by
Caesarian section
into the
Scipio
branch of the
Cornelia gens
. The birth year is calculated from a series of statements made by multiple ancient historians of how old he was when certain events in his life occurred. The statements all seem to agree or be reconcilable:
if he was 17 when he led a charge to his father's rescue
at the
Battle of Ticinus
(218 BC), and 24 when he volunteered to take over the army in Hispania when no one else would (211 BC), after the defeat and death there of his uncle and father
, the two consuls, and 27 when he led a victorious campaign against the city of New Carthage on the coast of Hispania (209 BC), then he must have been born in 236/5, usually stated as 236 BC. The year was 517
from the foundation of Rome
.
The Cornelii Scipiones were one of six major
patrician
families - along with the
Manlii
, the
Fabii
, the
Aemilii
, the
Claudii
, and the
Valerii
- with a record of successful public service in the highest offices extending back at least to the early
Roman Republic
. Several ancestors were
consuls
successively, and his great-grandfather,
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
, had been patrician
censor
in 280 BC. At the time Scipio Africanus lived, the Scipiones were probably the most prominent branch of the Cornelii, at least in the hindsight of the historians, who have only glowing reports of his family and career. He is unquestionably one of the leading characters of Roman history.
Scipio was the second oldest son of
Publius Cornelius Scipio
, praetor and consul by his wife
Pomponia
, whose pleb family were of equestrian (knight) status. His older brother,
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus
, and a friend since boyhood,
Gaius Laelius
, served with him in the military, both of whom the historian,
Polybius
, was able to question concerning the life and character of the great man after his death.
[4]
Early military service</SPAN>
At an early age, Scipio joined the Roman struggle against
Carthage
in the
Second Punic War
. At some point, he is said to have promised his father to continue the struggle against Carthage all his life, showing similar dedication to that of his enemy,
Hannibal
. The young Scipio survived the disastrous battles at
Ticinus
,
Trebia
, and
Cannae
. According to Polybius, he saved his
father's
life when he was 18, by "charging the encircling force alone with reckless daring" at the Battle of Ticinus.
[5]
Scipio's would-be father-in-law
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
was killed in 216 BC at the Battle of Cannae. Despite these defeats at the hands of the
Carthaginians
, Scipio remained focused on securing Roman victory. Scipio was never again to see a Roman force defeated, for once given command at the age of 25 he never lost a battle.
]
After the disastrous Battle of Cannae, and on hearing that
Lucius Caecilius Metellus
and other politicians were at the point of surrendering Rome to Hannibal and the Carthaginians, Scipio and his supporters stormed into the meeting, and at sword-point he forced all present to swear that they would continue in faithful service to Rome. Fortunately, the
Roman Senate
was of like mind and refused to entertain thoughts of peace, despite the great losses Rome had taken in the war: approximately one-fifth of the men of military age had died within a few years of Hannibal's invasion.
He is also thought to have consulted with or at least informed his mother before deciding to run for
quaestor
, the most junior magistrate who was entitled to enter the Senate. Scipio ran for this office at the age of 24
[7]
and offered in 211 BC to then take over command in Hispania, where he found the enemy west of the
Ebro river
.
[8]
Scipio offered himself as a candidate for the quaestorship in the year 213 BC, apparently to assist his less popular cousin Lucius Cornelius, who was also standing for election. The
Tribunes of the Plebs
(elected representatives from the Plebeian Assembly) objected to his candidacy, saying that he could not be allowed to stand because he had not yet reached the legal age (curule aediles were automatically entitled to enter the Senate and the legal age for Senate membership was 30). Scipio, already known for his bravery and patriotism, was elected unanimously and the Tribunes abandoned their opposition.
لا يتعرف تحديدا متى ولد وواضح انه عاش طفولة عاصفة، فقد كان عسكريا وشارك في المعارك وهو طفل وانقذ والده في احد المعارك وعمره 17 سنه حسب بعض التقديرات لكن لا يمكن الجزم بما كانت عليه طفولته وعليه سنعتبره
:
مجهول الطفولة.
رد مع الإقتباس