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55-صامويل (سام)هيوستن
Samuel "Sam" Houston
(March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was a nineteenth-century
American
statesman
,
politician
, and soldier. He is best known for his leading role in bringing
Texas
into the
United States
.
He was born in
Timber Ridge
in the
Shenandoah Valley
of
Virginia
, of
Scots-Irish
descent. Houston became a key figure in the history of Texas and was elected as the
first and third President of the Republic of Texas
,
U.S. Senator
for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as a
governor
of the state. He refused to swear loyalty to the
Confederacy
when Texas
seceded
from the
Union
in 1861 with the outbreak of the
American Civil War
, and was removed from office.
[2]
To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of a Union army to put down the Confederate rebellion. Instead, he retired to
Huntsville, Texas
, where he died before the end of the
Civil War
.
His earlier life included migration to
Tennessee
from Virginia, time spent with the
Cherokee Nation
(into which he later was adopted as a citizen and into which he married), military service in the
War of 1812
, and successful participation in Tennessee politics. Houston is the only person in
U.S. history
to have been the
governor
of two different
states
(although other men had served as governors of more than one
American territory
).
In 1827, Houston was elected
Governor of Tennessee
as a
Jacksonian
.
[3]
In 1829, Houston resigned as governor and relocated to
Arkansas Territory
.
[4]
In 1832, Houston was involved in an altercation with a U.S. Congressman, followed by a high-profile trial.
[5]
Shortly afterwards, he relocated to
Coahuila y Tejas
, then a
Mexican state
, and became a leader of the
Texas Revolution
.
[6]
Sam Houston supported
annexation by the United States
.
[7]
The city of
Houston
is named after him.
Houston's reputation was sufficiently large that he was honored in numerous ways after his death, among them: the
US's fourth largest city
, a memorial museum, a
U.S. Army base
, a
national forest
, a historical park, a
university
and a prominent roadside statue outside of
Huntsville
.
Early life and family heritage
Sam Houston was the son of Major Samuel Houston and Elizabeth Paxton. Houston's ancestry is often traced to his great-great grandfather Sir John Houston, who built a family estate in
Scotland
in the late seventeenth century. His second son John Houston emigrated to
Ulster
,
Ireland
, during the
plantation
period. Under the system of
primogeniture
, he did not inherit the estate. After several years in Ireland, John Houston emigrated in 1735 with his family to the North American colonies, where they first settled in
Pennsylvania
. As it filled with
Lutheran
German
immigrants, Houston decided to move his family with other Scots-Irish who were migrating to lands in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.
[8]
A historic plaque in Townland tells the story of the Houston family. It is located in Ballyboley Forest Park near the site of the original John Houston estate. It is dedicated to "One whose roots lay in these hills whose ancestor John Houston emigrated from this area."
The Shenandoah Valley had many farms of
Scots-Irish
migrants. Newcomers included the Lyle family of the Raloo area, who helped found Timber Ridge
Presbyterian Church
. The Houston family settled nearby. Gradually John developed his land and purchased
slaves
.
[8]
Their son Robert inherited his father's land. His youngest of five sons was Samuel Houston. Samuel Houston became a member of
Morgan's Rifle Brigade
and was commissioned a major during the
American Revolutionary War
. At the time militia officers were expected to pay their own expenses. He had married Elizabeth Paxton and inherited his father's land, but he was not a good manager and got into debt, in part because of his militia service.
[8]
Their children were born on his family's
plantation
near Timber Ridge Church, including Sam Houston on March 2, 1793, the fifth of nine children and the fifth son born.
Planning to move on as people did on the frontier to leave debts behind,
the elder Samuel Houston patented land in
Maryville
the county seat of Blount Co.in East Tennessee near relatives. He died in 1807 before he could move with his family, and they moved on without him: Elizabeth taking their five sons and three daughters to the new state.
[8]
Having received only a basic education on the
frontier
, young Sam was 14 when his family moved to Maryville.
In 1809, at age 16, Houston ran away from home, because he was dissatisfied to work as a shop clerk in his older brothers' store.
He went southwest, where he lived for a few years with the
Cherokee
tribe led by
Ahuludegi
(also spelled Oolooteka) on Hiwassee Island, on the
Hiwassee River
above its
confluence
with the
Tennessee
. Having become
chief
after his brother moved west in 1809,
Ahuludegi
was known to the European Americans as
John Jolly
. He became an adoptive father to Houston, giving him the Cherokee name of
Colonneh
, meaning "the Raven".
[10]
Houston learned fluent Cherokee, while visiting his family in Maryville every several months. Finally he returned to Maryville in 1812, and at age 19, Houston founded a one-room schoolhouse in Knox county between Maryville and Knoxville.
[8]
This was the first school built in Tennessee, which had become a
state
in 1796.
مات اباه وعمره 14 سنة، هرب من المنزل وعمره 16 سنه انضم الى الجيش وهو صغير
.
يتيم الاب وهو في سن الـ 14.
رد مع الإقتباس