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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-12-2012, 10:40 AM
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اوسمتي
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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Archimedes
- Archimedes was a Greek philosopher, engineer, inventor and astronomer. He is also considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Though there isn’t a ton of documented information regarding his personal life, we do know that he has had a large impact on science and physics. Archimedes’ thoughts were clearly ahead of his time: not many would disagree that he was a genius.
==
Archimedes was born
c
. 287 BC in the seaport city of
Syracuse, Sicily
, at that time a self-governing
colony
in
Magna Graecia
. The date of birth is based on a statement by the
Byzantine Greek
historian
John Tzetzes
that Archimedes lived for 75 years.
[8]
In
The Sand Reckoner
, Archimedes gives his father's name as Phidias, an
astronomer
about whom nothing is known.
Plutarch
wrote in his
Parallel Lives
that Archimedes was related to King
Hiero II
, the ruler of Syracuse.
[9]
A biography of Archimedes was written by his friend Heracleides but this work has been lost, leaving the details of his life obscure.
[10]
It is unknown, for instance, whether he ever married or had children. During his youth, Archimedes may have studied in
Alexandria
,
Egypt
, where
Conon of Samos
and
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
were contemporaries. He referred to Conon of Samos as his friend, while two of his works (
The Method of Mechanical Theorems
and the
Cattle Problem
) have introductions addressed to Eratosthenes.
[a]
Archimedes died
c
. 212 BC during the
Second Punic War
, when Roman forces under General
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
captured the city of Syracuse after a two-year-long
siege
. According to the popular account given by
Plutarch
, Archimedes was contemplating a
mathematical diagram
when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet General Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with his sword. Plutarch also gives a lesser-known account of the death of Archimedes which suggests that he may have been killed while attempting to surrender to a Roman soldier. According to this story, Archimedes was carrying mathematical instruments, and was killed because the soldier thought that they were valuable items. General Marcellus was reportedly angered by the death of Archimedes, as he considered him a valuable scientific asset and had ordered that he not be harmed.
A sphere has 2/3 the volume and surface area of its circumscribing cylinder. A
sphere
and
cylinder
were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request.
The last words attributed to Archimedes are "Do not disturb my circles", a reference to the circles in the mathematical drawing that he was supposedly studying when disturbed by the Roman soldier. This quote is often given in
Latin
as "
Noli turbare circulos meos
," but there is no reliable evidence that Archimedes uttered these words and they do not appear in the account given by Plutarch.
مجهول الطفولة
.
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