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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-12-2012, 10:51 AM
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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
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Niles Bohr
- Niels Bohr was a phenomenal physicist and a highly advanced thinker. He invented the Bohr Model which is regarded as a huge contribution to atomic physics. Bohr was heavily involved with post World War II scientific issues and carried a great head on his shoulders.
==
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish pronunciation:
[ˈnels ˈboɐ̯ˀ]
; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962)
[1]
was a
Danish
physicist
who made foundational contributions to understanding
atomic structure
and
quantum mechanics
, for which he received the
Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1922.
[2]
Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his
institute
in
Copenhagen
. He was part of the British team of physicists working on the
Manhattan Project
. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons,
Aage Bohr
, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel Prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.
Early years</SPAN>
Bohr was born in
Copenhagen
, Denmark, in 1885. His father,
Christian Bohr
, was professor of
physiology
at the
University of Copenhagen
(it is his name which is given to the
Bohr shift
or
Bohr effect
), while his mother, Ellen Adler Bohr, came from a wealthy
Jewish
family prominent in Danish banking and parliamentary circles (in 1891, Bohr was baptized a Lutheran, his father's religion). Despite having a religious background, he later became an atheist.
[5]
[6]
His brother was
Harald Bohr
, a
mathematician
and Olympic
footballer
who played on the
Danish national team
. Niels Bohr was a passionate footballer as well, and the two brothers played a number of matches for the Copenhagen-based
Akademisk Boldklub
, with Niels in goal.
[7]
[8]
In 1903, Bohr enrolled as an undergraduate at
Copenhagen University
, initially studying philosophy and mathematics. In 1905, prompted by a gold medal competition sponsored by the
Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters
, he conducted a series of experiments to examine the properties of
surface tension
, using his father's laboratory in the university, familiar to him from assisting there since childhood. His essay won the prize, and it was this success that decided Bohr to abandon philosophy and adopt physics. He continued as a graduate student at the University of Copenhagen, under the physicist
Christian Christiansen
, receiving his doctorate in 1911.
As a post-doctoral student, Bohr first conducted experiments under
J. J. Thomson
, of
Trinity College, Cambridge
and
Cavendish Laboratory
. In 1912 he met and later joined
Ernest Rutherford
at
Manchester University
, where on and off he spent four fruitful years in association with the older physics professor. In 1916, Bohr returned permanently to the University of Copenhagen, where he was appointed to the Chair of Theoretical Physics, a position created especially for him. In 1918 he began efforts to establish the University Institute of Theoretical Physics, which he later directed.
Earlier in 1910 Bohr had met Margrethe Nørlund, sister of the mathematician
Niels Erik Nørlund
.
[10]
They were married in Copenhagen in 1912.
[11]
Of their six sons, the oldest died in a boating accident and another died from childhood meningitis. The others went on to lead successful lives, including
Aage Bohr
, who became a very successful physicist and, like his father, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1975. His other sons were Hans Henrik, a physician, Erik, a chemical engineer, and Ernest, a lawyer
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