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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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09-13-2012, 01:35 PM
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مراقب عام سابقا
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: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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Ludwig van Beethoven
- Beethoven was a German pianist and legendary musician. He was very influential in Western classical music and is thought of as the best composer of all time. Though Beethoven’s hearing began to cease in his early twenties, he was still able to create classical masterpieces. He was able to conduct, compose, and perform music even after he was completely deaf! Beethoven blessed the world with his musical genius and brilliant mind.
==
لودفيج فان بيتهوفن
(
بالألمانية
:
Ludwig van Beethoven
)
مؤلف موسيقي
ألماني
ولد في
1770
ورحل في
1827
كانت ولادته في مدينة
بون
. يعتبر من أبرز عباقرة الموسيقى في جميع العصور، وأبدع أعمالاً موسيقية خالدة. له الفضل الأعظم في تطوير
الموسيقى الكلاسيكية
. قدم أول عمل موسيقي وعمره 8 أعوام.
تشمل مؤلفاته
للأوركسترا
تسـعة
سيمفونيات
وخمس مقطوعات موسيقية على
البيانو
ومقطوعة على
الكمان
. كما ألّف العديد من المقطوعات الموسيقية كمقدمات
للأوبرا
.
بدأ بيتهوفن يفقد سمعه في الثلاثينيات من عمره إلا أن ذلك لم يؤثر على إنتاجه الذي ازداد في تلك الفترة وتميز بالإبداع. من أجمل أعماله السمفونية الخامسة والسادسة والتاسعة. وقد توفي في
فيينا
سنة
1827م
.
حياته
Ludwig van Beethoven
شهدت
مدينة بون الألمانية
ميلاد الفنان العبقري لودفج فان بيتهوفن في
16 ديسمبر
سنة
1770
، وتم تعميده في
17 ديسمبر
1770
. ظهر تميزه الموسيقي منذ صغره، فنشرت أولى أعماله وهو في الثانية عشر من عمره سنة 1783 ميلادية. اتسعت شهرته كعازف بيانو في سن مبكرة، ثم زاد إنتاجه وذاع صيته كمؤلف موسيقى. عانى بيتهوفن كثيراً في حياته، عائلياً وصحياً، فبالرغم من أن أباه هو معلمه الأول الذي وجه اهتمامه للموسيقى ولقنه العزف على البيانو والكمان، إلا أنه لم يكن الأب المثالي، فقد كان مدمناً للكحول، كما أن والدته توفيت وهو في السابعة عشر من عمره بعد صراع طويل مع المرض، تاركة له مسؤولية العائلة. مما منعه من إتمام خطته والسفر إلى
فيينا
، عاصمة الموسيقى في ذلك العصر. فكان التأليف الموسيقي هو نوع من أنواع العلاج والتغلب على المشاكل بالنسبة لبيتهوفن.
حياته في فيينا عاصمة الموسيقى
في 1789 ميلادية تحقق حلمه أخيراً، فقد أرسله حاكم
بون
إلى
فيينا
، وهناك تتلمذ على يد هايدن. ولكن بيتهوفن، صاحب الألحان واجه بعض الخلافات مع معلمه، وعندما سافر هايدن إلى لندن، تحول بيتهوفن إلى معلمين آخرين مثل ساليري وشينك وألبريشتبيرجر. وقد أسهمت كل هذه الدروس والاحتكاكات في تكوين شخصية بيتهوفن الفنية. وحاول أن يشق لنفسه طريق كعازف في عاصمة الموسيقى، وسرعان ما لقى مكانة كبرى خاصة في الأوساط الأرستقراطية. فقد حاز على إعجاب الأسرة الملكية وعومل كصديق أكثر منه مؤلفاً. بالرغم من ذلك فقد عاش ومات فقيراً، غناه هو أعماله الفنية المتميزة.
صمم بيتهوفن والتحول الكبير في شخصيته
بدأت إصابة بيتهوفن بالصمم، فبدأ في الانسحاب من الأوساط الفنية تدريجياً، وأمضى حياته بلا زواج يرتبط بعدة علاقات عاطفية. إلا أنه لم يتوقف عن الإنتاج الفني، ولكن أعماله اتخذت اتجاه جديد. ومع ازدياد حالة الصمم التي أصابته، امتنع عن العزف في الحفلات العامة، وابتعد عن الحياة الاجتماعية واتجه للوحدة، وقلت مؤلفاته، وأصبحت أكثر تعقيداً. حتى أنه رد على انتقادات نقاده بأنه يعزف للأجيال القادمة. وبالفعل ما زالت أعماله حتى اليوم من أهم ما أنتجته الموسيقى الكلاسيكية العالمية. واكتسبت اثنان من السيمفونيات التي كتبها في صممه أكبر شعبية، وهما السيمفونية الخامسة والتاسعة. كما أنه أحدث الكثير من التغييرات في الموسيقى، وأدخل الغناء والكلمات في سيمفونيته التاسعة. فجاءت رسالته إلى العالم "كل البشر سيصبحون إخوة".
==
Ludwig van Beethoven (
i
/
ˈ
l
ʊ
d
v
ɪ
ɡ
v
æ
n
ˈ
b
eɪ
t
.
h
oʊ
v
ən
/
; German:
[ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːt.hoːfən]
(
listen
); baptized 17 December 1770
[1]
– 26 March 1827) was a German
composer
and
pianist
. A crucial figure in the transition between the
Classical
and
Romantic
eras in
Western art music
, he remains one of the most famous and influential of all composers. His best known compositions include 9
symphonies
, 5
concertos for piano
, 32
piano sonatas
, and 16
string quartets
. He also composed other chamber music, choral works (including the celebrated
Missa Solemnis
), and songs.
Born in
Bonn
, then the capital of the
Electorate of Cologne
and part of the
Holy Roman Empire
, Beethoven displayed his musical talents at an early age and was taught by his father
Johann van Beethoven
and
Christian Gottlob Neefe
. During his first 22 years in Bonn, Beethoven intended to study with
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
and befriended
Joseph Haydn
. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792 and began studying with Haydn, quickly gaining a reputation as a virtuoso pianist. He lived in Vienna until his death. During the late 18th century, his hearing began to deteriorate significantly, yet he continued to compose,
conduct
, and perform, even after becoming
completely deaf
.
Beethoven was the grandson of a musician of
Flemish
origin named Lodewijk van Beethoven (1712–73) who moved at the age of twenty to Bonn.
[
Lodewijk (
Ludwig
is the German
cognate
of
Dutch
Lodewijk
) was employed as a
bass
singer
at the court of the
Elector of Cologne
, eventually rising to become
Kapellmeister
(music director).
Lodewijk had one son,
Johann
(1740–1792), who worked as a tenor in the same musical establishment, and gave lessons on
piano
and
violin
to supplement his income. Johann married
Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767
; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the
Archbishopric of Trier
.
Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no authentic record of the date of his birth; however, the registry of his baptism, in a
Roman Catholic
service at the Parish of St. Regius on 17 December 1770, survives. As children of that era were traditionally baptised the day after birth in the Catholic Rhine country, and it is known that Beethoven's family and his teacher
Johann Albrechtsberger
celebrated his birthday on 16 December, most scholars accept 16 December 1770 as Beethoven's date of birth.
Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, and two younger brothers survived infancy
. Caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father. Although tradition has it that Johann van Beethoven was a harsh instructor, and that the child Beethoven,
"made to stand at the keyboard, was often in tears," t
he
Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
claimed that no solid documentation supported this, and asserted that "speculation and myth-making have both been productive." Beethoven had other local teachers: the court
organist
Gilles van den Eeden (d. 1782), Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer (a family friend, who taught Beethoven the piano), and Franz Rovantini (a relative, who instructed him in playing the violin and
viola
).
[2]
Beethoven's musical talent was obvious at a young age. Johann, aware of
Leopold Mozart
's successes in this area (with son
Wolfgang
and daughter
Nannerl
), attempted to exploit his son as a
child prodigy
, claiming that Beethoven was six (he was seven) on the posters for Beethoven's first public performance in March 1778.
Some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn,
Christian Gottlob Neefe
, who was appointed the Court's Organist in that year.
[
Neefe taught Beethoven composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition: a set of keyboard variations (
WoO
63). Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid (1781), and then as a paid employee (1784) of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister
Andrea Luchesi
. His
first three piano sonatas
, named "
Kurfürst
" ("Elector") for their dedication to the Elector
Maximilian Frederick
(1708–1784), were published in 1783. Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethoven's talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young man's musical studies.
Maximilian Frederick's successor as the Elector of Bonn was
Maximilian Franz
, the youngest son of Empress
Maria Theresa of Austria
, and he brought notable changes to Bonn. Echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother
Joseph
, he introduced reforms based on
Enlightenment philosophy
, with increased support for education and the arts. The teenage Beethoven was almost certainly influenced by these changes. He may also have been influenced at this time by ideas prominent in
freemasonry
, as Neefe and others around Beethoven were members of the local chapter of the
Order of the Illuminati
.
[12]
In March 1787 Beethoven traveled to Vienna (possibly at another's expense) for the first time, apparently in the hope of studying with
Mozart
. The details of
their relationship
are uncertain, including whether or not they actually met. After just two
weeks Beethoven learned that his mother was severely ill, and returned home. His mother died shortly thereafter, and the father lapsed deeper into
alcoholism
. As a result, Beethoven became responsible for the care of his two younger brothers, and he spent the next five years in Bonn.
Beethoven was introduced to several people who became important in his life in these years. Franz Wegeler, a young medical student, introduced him to the von Breuning family (one of whose daughters Wegeler eventually married). Beethoven often visited the von Breuning household, where he taught piano to some of the children. Here he encountered German and classical literature. The von Breuning family environment was less stressful than his own, which was increasingly dominated by his father's decline.
[15]
Beethoven also came to the attention of
Count Ferdinand von Waldstein
, who became a lifelong friend and financial supporter.
In 1789 Beethoven obtained a legal order by which half of his father's salary was paid directly to him for support of the family.
[17]
He also contributed further to the family's income by playing
viola
in the court orchestra. This familiarised Beethoven with a variety of operas, including three by
Mozart
that were performed at court in this period. He also befriended
Anton Reicha
, a
flautist
and violinist of about his own age who was a nephew of the court orchestra's conductor,
Josef Reicha
.
[18]
يتيم الام في سن السابعة عشرة ومات ابوه وهو في سن الـ 22 كما انه كان يعاني من اعاقة في السمع
.
يتيم الأم في سن الـ 17.
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