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أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
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Martin Luther
- Martin Luther was a German professor, a monk, theologian, and church reformer. Luther’s theology challenged the authority of the church by stating that the Bible is the only infallible source of religious authority and that all baptized Christians are a priesthood of believers. According to Luther, salvation was attainable only by true repentance and faith in “Jesus as the Messiah.” His revolutionary ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation and changed the philosophy of Western civilization.
==
Martin Luther (German pronunciation:
; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German
monk
, priest, professor of
theology
and iconic figure of the
Protestant Reformation
He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted
indulgence
salesman
Johann Tetzel
with his
Ninety-Five Theses
in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of
Pope Leo X
in 1520 and the
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
at the
Diet of Worms
in 1521 resulted in his
excommunication
by the pope and condemnation as an
outlaw
by the Emperor.
Luther taught that
salvation
is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's
grace
through
faith
in
Jesus Christ
as redeemer from sin.
His theology
challenged the authority of the
Pope
of the
Roman Catholic Church
by teaching that the
Bible
is the
only source
of
divinely
revealed knowledge
[2]
and opposed
sacerdotalism
by considering
all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood
.
[3]
Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called
Lutherans
.
His translation of the Bible
into the
vernacular
(instead of
Latin
) made it more accessible, causing a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the
German language
, added several principles to the art of translation,
[4]
and influenced the translation into English of the
King James Bible
.
[5]
His
hymns
influenced the development of singing in churches.
[6]
His marriage to
Katharina von Bora
set a model for the practice of
clerical marriage
, allowing Protestant priests to marry.
[7]
In his later years, while suffering from several illnesses and deteriorating health, Luther became increasingly
antisemitic
, writing that Jewish homes should be destroyed, their synagogues burned, money confiscated and liberty curtailed. These statements have contributed to his controversial status.
[8]
Early life
Birth and education
Martin Luther was born to
Hans Luder
(or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife
Margarethe
(née Lindemann) on 10 November
1483
in
Eisleben
, Germany, then part of the
Holy Roman Empire
. He was baptized as a Catholic the next morning on the feast day of
St. Martin of Tours
. His family moved to
Mansfeld
in 1484, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council The religious scholar
Martin Marty
describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means" and notes that Luther's enemies would later
wrongly describe her as a whore and bath attendant
.
He had several brothers and sisters, and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob. Hans Luther was ambitious for himself and his family, and he was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then
Magdeburg
in 1497, where he attended a school operated by a
lay group
called the
Brethren of the Common Life
, and
Eisenach
in 1498.
The three schools focused on the so-called "
trivium
": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to
purgatory
and
hell
.
In 1501, at the age of nineteen, he entered the
University of Erfurt
– which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse. The schedule called for waking at four every morning for what has been described as "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises." He received his master's degree in 1505.
In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law represented uncertainty. Luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in
Aristotle
,
William of Ockham
, and
Gabriel Biel
.
He was deeply influenced by two tutors,
Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers
[15]
and to test everything himself by experience.
[16]
Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying, offering assurance about the use of
reason
but none about loving God, which to Luther was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, he felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over the latter's emphasis on reason.
[16]
For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine
revelation
, he believed, and
Scripture
therefore became increasingly important to him.
[16]
He later attributed his decision to an event: on 2 July 1505, he was on horseback during a thunderstorm and a lightning bolt struck near him as he was returning to university after a trip home. Later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment, he cried out, "Help!
Saint Anna
, I will become a monk!"
[17]
He came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break. He left law school, sold his books, and entered a closed
Augustinian
friary in
Erfurt
on 17 July 1505.
[18]
One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said.
[16]
His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.
[19]
Monastic and academic life
Luther dedicated himself to
monastic life
, devoting himself to
fasting
, long hours in
prayer
,
pilgrimage
, and frequent
confession
. He would later remark, "If anyone could have gained heaven as a monk, then I would indeed have been among them."
[21]
Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailor and hangman of my poor soul."
[22]
Johann von Staupitz
, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career. In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood, and in 1508 began teaching
theology
at the
University of Wittenberg
. He received a Bachelor's degree in Biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another Bachelor's degree in the
Sentences
by
Peter Lombard
in 1509.
[24]
On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his
Doctor of Theology
and, on 21 October 1512, was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the University of
Wittenberg
, having been called to the position of
Doctor in Bible
.
[25]
He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg.
=
Martin was sent by his father to Latin schools in Mansfeld and then Magdeburg. Luther later compared his
ducation there to purgatory and hell.
مارتن لوثر (
Martin Luther
) (
أيسلبن
،
10 نوفمبر
1483
/
894 هـ
-
أيسلبن
،
18 فبراير
1546
/
953 هـ
)، مصلح ديني مسيحي ألماني شهير، يعد الأب الروحي
للإصلاح البروتستانتي
.
سيرته
ولد في
العاشر من نوفمبر
سنة
1483
ببلدة
أيسلبن
(
سكسونيا-أنهالت
) ابناً لعامل المنجم هانس لوثر ومارغريت لينديمان. في أسرة صغيرة من عمال المناجم متواضعة ومتدينة وجـِد صارمة في تربية أبناءها.
تعليمه
مارتن لوثر
التحق لوثر في سنة
1497
بالمدرسة اللاتينية في
ماغديبورغ
لدى
إخوة الحياة المشتركة
، وهي جمعية دينية قروسطية الأصول. بناءاً على والده، التحق
بجامعة إرفورت
سنة
1501
وحصل على الإجازة الجامعية في سنة
1505
.
يقول عن نفسه أن قسوة أبويه عليه حملاه على دخول
الدير
الأوغسطيني في
إرفورت
سنة
1505
.
وفي سنة
1507
رسّم قسيساً، وفي سنة
1508
قام بتدريس
الفلسفة
في
جامعة فتنبرج
، وتولى شرح كتاب "الأخلاق إلى نيقوماخوس"
لأرسطو
. واستمر في ذلك عامي
1508
-
1509
. وقد شعر بأن هذه المهمة شاقة عليه، كما يبدو، مما كتبه لصديقه يوهانس براون، القسيس في ايزنآخ، إذ يقول: " إذا أردت أن تعلم كيف حالي، فاعلم أنني في حال طيبة بفضل الله. لكن الدراسة صعبة شاقة خصوصاً دراسة الفلسفة، وكان بودي أن استبدل بها، منذ البداية، دراسة
اللاهوت
، أعني اللاهوت الذي يبحث عن بذرة الجوزة، ولباب حبة القمح، ونخاع العظام".
ويعد مارتن لوثر رائد حركة الاصلاح الديني في ألمانيا ...
بداية دعوته
في سنة
1511
سافر إلى
روما
، وهذه الرحلة هي التي غيرت مجرى حياته، ولما عاد منها بدأ سيرته مصلحاً
للدين المسيحي
. وكان
البابا
في
روما
، في أشد الحاجة إلى المال، ولم يجد سبيلاً للحصول عليه إلا عن طريق إصدار وبيع
صكوك الغفران
، وكان يطلب إلى الناس شراؤها ليغفر
الله
ذنوب أقربائهم أو من يشاؤون ممن يعذبون في المطهر بسبب ما اقترفوه من ذنوب. وكان يشرف على هذه العملية راهب
دومنيكي
يدعى يوحنا تتسل وذلك في سنة
1516
، فراح يروّج لها بطرق ظاهرة أثارت ثائرة مارتن لوثر، فأصدر لوثر بياناً يحتوي على 95 قضية ضد صكوك الغفران. ولصق البيان على باب كنيسة فتنبرج، في يوم
31 أكتوبر
1517
، فسافر تتسل إلى
فرانكفورت
وأصدر من هناك بياناً فند فيه قضايا لوثر الـ 95 ،وقام بإحراق بيان لوثر علناً، فانتقم الطلاب في فتنبرج فأحرقوا بيان تتسل.
هناك من يقول ان والدته كانت بائعة هوى . ليس يتيم. لكن الابرز في طفولته قسوة التربية حيث يقول عن نفسه أن قسوة أبويه عليه حملاه على دخول
الدير
الأوغسطيني في
إرفورت
سنة
1505
. كما يقول عن دراسته بأنه اقرب الى العذاب وجهنم.
يتيم اجتماعي.
رد مع الإقتباس