الموضوع
:
أعظم 50 عبقري عبر التاريخ : ما سر هذه العبقرية؟ دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
09-14-2012, 11:23 PM
المشاركة
42
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte was a political and French military leader who had a huge influence on European history. Napoleon was a general during the French Revolution, Emperor of France, King of Italy, and Mediator of the Swiss. Napoleon was a very intelligent military leader who used innovative tactics and strategy to help him win many battles.
==
Napoleon Bonaparte (
French
:
Napoléon Bonaparte
[napole
ɔ
̃
b
ɔ
n
ɑ
pa
ʁ
t]
) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the
French Revolution
and its associated
wars
in Europe.
As Napoleon I, he was
Emperor of the French
from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the
Napoleonic Code
, has been a major influence on many
civil law
jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called
Napoleonic Wars
. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an
imperial monarchy
which restored aspects of the deposed
Ancien Régime
.
Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
[1]
Napoleon was born at
Ajaccio
in
Corsica
to parents of
noble Genoese
ancestry. He trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the
French First Republic
and led successful campaigns against the
First
and
Second
Coalitions arrayed against France. He led a successful invasion of the Italian peninsula.
In 1799, he staged a
coup d'état
and installed himself as
First Consul
; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the
French Empire
under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—that involved every major European power.
[1]
After a streak of victories, France secured a dominant position in continental Europe, and Napoleon maintained the French
sphere of influence
through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other European countries as French
client states
.
The
Peninsular War
and 1812
French invasion of Russia
marked turning points in Napoleon's fortunes. His
Grande Armée
was badly damaged in the campaign and never fully recovered. In 1813, the
Sixth Coalition
defeated his forces
at Leipzig
; the following year the Coalition invaded France, forced Napoleon to abdicate and exiled him to the island of
Elba
. Less than a year later, he escaped Elba and returned to power, but was defeated at the
Battle of Waterloo
in June 1815. Napoleon spent the last six years of his life in confinement by the British on the island of
Saint Helena
. An autopsy concluded he died of
stomach cancer
. There has been debate about his death, as some scholars have held that he was a victim of
arsenic
poisoning.
Origins and education
Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, the second of eight children, in his family's ancestral home
Casa Buonaparte
, located in the town of
Ajaccio
, Corsica. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the
Republic of Genoa
[
He was christened
Napoleone di Buonaparte
, probably named for an uncle (an older brother,
who did not survive infancy
, was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his twenties, he adopted the more French-sounding
Napoléon Bonaparte
.
[3]
[note 1]
The Corsican Buonapartes were descended from minor
Italian nobility
of
Lombard
origin, who had come to Corsica from
Liguria
in the 16th century.
[8]
2012 DNA tests found some of the family's ancestors were from the
Caucasus
region.
[9]
The study found
haplogroup type E1b1c1*
, which originated in Northern Africa circa 1200 BC; the people migrated into the Caucasus and into Europe.
[10]
His father
Nobile
Carlo Buonaparte
, an attorney, was named Corsica's representative to the court of
Louis XVI
in 1777. The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother,
Letizia Ramolino
, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child.
[11]
He had an elder brother,
Joseph
; and younger siblings
Lucien
,
Elisa
,
Louis
,
Pauline
,
Caroline
and
Jérôme
. A boy and girl were born before Joseph but died in infancy.
[12]
Napoleon was baptised as a Catholic just before his second birthday, on 21 July 1771 at
Ajaccio Cathedral
.
[13]
Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background and family connections afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.
[14]
In January 1779, Napoleon was enrolled at a religious school in
Autun
, mainland France, to learn French. In May he was admitted to a
military academy
at
Brienne-le-Château
.
[15]
He spoke with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell properly.
[16]
Napoleon was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading.
[17]
[note 2]
An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."
[19]
[note 3]
On completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the elite
École Militaire
in Paris. This ended his naval ambition, which had led him to consider an application to the British
Royal Navy
.
[21]
He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father's death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year.
[22]
He was the first Corsican to graduate from the École Militaire.
[22]
He had been tested by the famed scientist
Pierre-Simon Laplace
, whom Napoleon later appointed to the Senate.
يتيم الاب في سن الـ 16
رد مع الإقتباس