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تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
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غرهارت يوهان روبرت هاوبتمان
(
بالألمانية
: Gerhart Hauptmann)
15 نوفمبر
1862
-
6 يونيو
1946
هو أديب
ألماني
، يعد من أهم أدباء الحركة الطبيعية في
ألمانيا
. حصل على
جائزة نوبل في الأدب
لسنة
1912
.
Gerhart Hauptmann
(15 November 1862 – 6 June 1946) was a
German
dramatist
and novelist who received the
Nobel Prize in Literature
in 1912.
Life and work
Hauptmann was born in
Obersalzbrunn
, a small town of
Silesia
, now known as
Szczawno-Zdrój
and a part of
Poland
. He was the
son of a hotel-keeper
.
After attending the village school he went to the
Realschule
in
Breslau
, after which he was sent to learn agriculture on his uncle's farm at
Jauer
.
Having no taste for country life, Hauptmann soon returned to Breslau and entered the art school with the intention of becoming a sculptor. There he met his lifelong friend
Josef Block
. He later studied at the
University of Jena
and spent the greater part of 1883 and 1884 in Italy. In May 1885, Hauptmann married and settled in
Berlin
and, devoting himself entirely to literary work, soon attained a reputation as one of the chief representatives of the modern drama.
In 1891 he moved to
Schreiberhau
in Silesia. Hauptmann's first drama,
Before Dawn
(1889) inaugurated the
naturalistic
movement in modern
German literature
. It was followed by
The Reconciliation
(1890),
Lonely People
(1891) and
The Weavers
(1892), a powerful drama depicting the
uprising of the Silesian weavers
in 1844 for which he is best known outside of Germany.
Hauptmann's subsequent work includes the comedies
Colleague Crampton
(1892),
The Beaver Coat
(1893), and
The Conflagration
(1901), the
symbolist
dream play
The Assumption of Hannele
(1893), and an historical drama
Florian Geyer
(1895). He also wrote two
tragedies
of Silesian peasant life,
Drayman Henschel
(1898) and
Rose Bernd
(1903), and the dramatic
fairy-tales
The Sunken Bell
(1896) and
And Pippa Dances
(1906).
Hauptmann's marital life was difficult and in 1904 he divorced his wife. That same year he married the actress
Margarete Marschalk
, who had borne him a son four years earlier. The following year he had an affair with the 17-year-old
Austrian
actress
Ida Orloff
, whom he met in Berlin when she performed in his play
The Assumption of Hannele
. Orloff inspired characters in several of Hauptmann's works and he later referred to her as his
muse
.
In 1911 he wrote
The Rats
. In 1912, Hauptmann was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature
, "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art."
His 1912 novel,
Atlantis
became the basis for a
Danish silent film
of the same name. The novel was written one month before the
RMS
Titanic
disaster
, and the film's 1913 release was less than one year after the event. The storyline for both involved a romance aboard a doomed ocean liner, and the similarity to the disaster became obvious. This coincidental untimeliness caused the film to be banned in Norway
[1]
due to perceived insensitivity.
During the
First World War
Hauptmann was a pacifist. In this period of his career he wrote several gloomy historical-allegorical plays, such as
The Bow of Odysseus
(1914),
The White Saviour
(1912–17), and
Winter Ballade
(1917). After the war, his dramatic abilities appeared to diminish. He wrote two full-length plays that are similar to the early successes:
Dorothea Angermann
(1926) and
Before Sunset
(1932). He remained in Germany after
Hitler
's
Machtergreifung
and survived the
bombing of Dresden
. His last work was the
Atriden-Tetralogie
(1942–46). His works in German were published by
S. Fischer Verlag
.
Hauptmann died at the age of 83 at his home in Agnetendorf (now Jagniątków, Poland) in 1946. Since the
Polish communist administration
did not allow Hauptmann's relatives to bury him in Agnetendorf (although even the
Soviet
military government had recommended this), his body was transported in an old cattle wagon to occupied Germany more than a month after his death. He was buried near his cottage on
Hiddensee
.
Under Wilhelm II Hauptmann enjoyed the reputation of a radical writer, on the side of the poor and outcasts. During the Weimar Republic (1918–33) he enjoyed the status of the literary figurehead of the new order, and was even considered for the post of state president. Under Hitler he kept his distance from the regime, but never publicly criticized it. This, and the fact that (unlike many other writers and academics) he stayed in Germany, was strongly held against him after the war. A collected edition of his works appeared in the 1960s, and stimulated new studies of his work (e.g. those by Peter Sprengel), but the tide of critical and public opinion remained negative. A few of his plays are still revived from time to time, but otherwise he is neglected.
- واضح انه عاش طفولة صعبة وقد عاش على ما يبدو بعيدا عن والديه ليتعلم مهنة الزراعة لكنه لم يتمكن من التعايش مع ظروفها الصعبة وقد الف مسرحيات تراجيدية في وصف حياة الفلاحين. لا يعرف شيء عن والديه وعلى الرغم ان طفولته تبدو مأزومة لكننا سنعتبره كجهول الطفولة.
مجهول الطفولة
.
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