الموضوع
:
سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
عرض مشاركة واحدة
10-20-2012, 12:14 PM
المشاركة
41
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
بيرل بوك
هي أديبة أمريكية ولدت في 26 يونيو 1892 في بلدة هيلسبور في فيرجينيا الغربية وقبل أن تبلغ من العمر خمسة أشهر عاد بها والديها إلى الصين حيث كانا يعملان في التبشير واشتريا منزلا في حي صيني في مدينة شين كيانج في هذا الحي مكثت بيرل معظم سني طفوتها حيث قالت فيما بعد لم اشعر باي فرق بيني وبين الاطفال الصينيين عند بلوغها سن اربعة عشر عاما التحقت بمدرسة لتعليم اللغة الإنجليزية في مدينة شنغهاي وبعد عامين سافرت للولايات المتحدة والتحقت بمدرسة التعليم العالي في ولاية فرجينيا في تلك الأثناء بدأت بنشر كتاباتها حيث حازت على بعض الجوائز
عند بلوغها الثانية والعشرين عملت بالتدريس ثم ما لبثت ان تلقت خبر بمرض والدتها في الصين
وفي الصين استمرت بممارسة مهنة التدريس وفي عام 1917تزوجت بيرل من رجل اقطاعي من ولاية كنزاس منتدب لدراسة الفلاحة في الصين استقر الزوجين في بلدة صغيرة شمال الصين حيث ع
انيا من شظف العيش وصعوبة الحياة حيث وصفت الكاتبة حياتها في تلك البلدة في كتابها الأرض الطيبة
انتقلت بعد ذلك مع زوجها إلى مدينة نانكين حيث عملت في التدريس في الجامعة القديمة ثم سافرت لاكمال تعليمها مع زوجها إلى الولايات المتحدة هناك انهت بيرل بتفوق دراسة الادب الإنجليزي بل وحازت على جائزة عن بحثها الصين والغرب والديها ومن المعروف ان الاديبة انكبت على قراءة القصص منذ نعومة اظفارها ذذ كتبت انها تأثرت بقصة علاء الدين والفانوس السحري
للكاتبة إنتاج متعدد وغزير ونظرا لان معظم كتاباتها مستوحاة من الحياة في الصين لقبت بالكاتبة الصينية توفتي في 6 مارس 1973 . تحصلت على
جائزة نوبل في الأدب
لسنة 1938 .
في مجال الرواية
شرق وغرب
الأبناء
الوطني
بذور الدركون
الولد الذي لم يكبر
الرمان النساء
Pearl Sydenstricker Buck
(June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973), also known by her Chinese name
Sai Zhenzhu
(
Chinese
: was an American writer who spent most of her time until 1934 in China. Her novel
The Good Earth
was the best-selling fiction book in the U.S. in 1931 and 1932, and won the
Pulitzer Prize
in 1932. In
1938
, she was awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature
, "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces."
[1]
Life
Pearl Buck was born in
Hillsboro, West Virginia
,
to Caroline Stulting (1857–1921
) and
Absalom Sydenstricker
. Her parents,
Southern Presbyterian
missionaries
, traveled to China soon after their marriage on July 8, 1880, but returned to the United States for Pearl's birth.
When Pearl was three months old, the family returned to China to be stationed first in
Zhenjiang
(then often known as Jingjiang or, in the
Postal Romanization
, Tsingkiang), (this is near Nanking). Pearl was raised in a bilingual environment, tutored in English by her mother and in classical Chinese by a Mr. Kung
The
Boxer Uprising
greatly affected Pearl and family
; their Chinese friends deserted them, and Western visitors decreased.
The boxer uprising means ( Officially supported peasant uprising in 1900 in China that attempted to drive all foreigners from the country. Boxer was the English name given to a Chinese secret society that practiced boxing and calisthenic rituals in the belief that it would make its members impervious to bullets. Support for them grew in northern China during the late 19th century, when China's people were suffering from growing economic impoverishment and the country was forced to grant humiliating concessions to Western powers. In June 1900, after Boxers had killed Chinese Christians and Westerners, an international relief force was dispatched to quell the attacks).
Boxer Rebellion, an antiforeign uprising in China by members of a secret society beginning in June 1900. The society, originally called the Boxers United in Righteousness, drew their name from their martial rites. Over the course of the uprising, a force of some 140,000 Boxers killed thousands of Chinese Christians and a total of 231 foreigners, including Germany's ambassador
In 1911, Pearl left China to attend
Randolph-Macon Woman's College
in
Lynchburg, Virginia
, US, graduating
Phi Beta Kappa
in 1914 and a member of
Kappa Delta
Sorority. From 1914 to 1933, she served as a Presbyterian missionary, but her views later became highly controversial in the
Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy
, leading to her resignation.
In 1914, Pearl returned to China. She married an agricultural economist,
John Lossing Buck
(hereafter in this article Pearl Buck is referred to simply as 'Buck'), on May 13, 1917, and they moved to
Suzhou, Anhui Province
, a small town on the Huai River (not to be confused with the better-known Suzhou in Jiangsu Province). This region she describes in her books
The Good Earth
and
Sons
.
From 1920 to 1933, the Bucks made their home in
Nanking
(Nanjing), on the campus of
Nanjing University
, where both had teaching positions. Buck taught
English literature
at the private, church-run
University of Nanking
, and at the
National Central University
, (merged with
Nanjing University
, in 1952 and 1949 respectively). In 1920,
the Bucks had a daughter, Carol, afflicted with
phenylketonuria
. In 1921, Buck's mother died and shortly afterward her father moved in
.
In 1924, they left China for John Buck's year of sabbatical and returned to the United States for a short time, during which Pearl Buck earned her
Masters
degree from
Cornell University
. In 1925, the Bucks adopted Janice (later surnamed Walsh). That autumn, they returned to China.
[5]
The tragedies and dislocations that Buck suffered in the 1920s reached a climax in March 1927, during the "
Nanking Incident
." In a confused battle involving elements of
Chiang Kai-shek
's Nationalist troops, Communist forces, and assorted warlords, several Westerners were murdered
.
Since her father Absalom was a missionary, the family decided to stay in Nanjing until the battle reached the city. When violence broke out, a poor Chinese family allowed them to hide in their hut while the family house was looted.
The family spent a day terrified and in hiding, after which they were rescued by American gunboats.
They traveled to Shanghai and then sailed to Japan, where they stayed for a year. They later moved back to Nanjing, though conditions remained dangerously unsettled. In 1934, they left China permanently.
In 1935 the Bucks were divorced. Richard Walsh, president of the
John Day Company
and Pearl Buck's publisher, became her second husband. Walsh offered her advice and affection which, her biographer concludes, "helped make Pearl's prodigious activity possible." The couple lived in Pennsylvania until his death in 1960.
[7]
During the
Cultural Revolution
, Buck, as a preeminent American writer of Chinese peasant life, was denounced as an "American cultural imperialist."
Buck was "heartbroken
" when
Madame Mao
and high-level Chinese officials prevented her from visiting China with
Richard Nixon
in 1972.
Pearl S. Buck died of
lung cancer
on March 6, 1973, in
Danby, Vermont
and was interred in
Green Hills Farm
in
Perkasie, Pennsylvania
. She designed her own tombstone. The grave marker is inscribed with Chinese characters representing the name Pearl Sydenstricker.
]
Humanitarian efforts
Buck was highly committed to a range of issues that were largely ignored by her generation. Many of her life experiences and political views are described in her novels,
short stories
,
fiction
,
children
's stories, and the biographies of her parents entitled
Fighting Angel
(on Absalom) and
The Exile
(on Carrie). She wrote on a diverse variety of topics including
women's rights
,
Asian
cultures,
immigration
, adoption, missionary work, and war.
In 1949, outraged that existing
adoption
services considered Asian and
mixed-race
children unadoptable, Buck established
Welcome House, Inc.
, the first international, interracial adoption agency. In nearly five decades of work, Welcome House has placed over five thousand children. In 1964, to support children who were not eligible for adoption, Buck established the Pearl S. Buck Foundation (now called
Pearl S. Buck International
) to "address poverty and discrimination faced by children in Asian countries." In 1965, she opened the Opportunity Center and Orphanage in South Korea, and later offices were opened in Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam. When establishing
Opportunity House
, Buck said, "The purpose... is to publicize and eliminate injustices and prejudices suffered by children, who, because of their birth, are not permitted to enjoy the educational, social, economic and civil privileges normally accorded to children."
واضح ان حياتها كانت كارثية خاصة فترة الطفولة قتل الالاف من المبشرين في الصين من قبل تنظيم سري .ثم هناك سلسلة من الحوادث الصادمة مثل موت امها وما تعرضت له بعد الثورة الشيوعية في الصين ولكن لا يمكن تخيل ما مرت به في طفولتها كونها طفلة امريكية تعيش في الصين لابوين كانا يعملان في التبشير.
مأزومة.
رد مع الإقتباس