الموضوع
:
سر الفوز بجائزة نوبل في الادب على مدى التاريخ؟ دراسة
عرض مشاركة واحدة
10-20-2012, 09:56 PM
المشاركة
46
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
أندريه جيد
(
بالفرنسية
:André Gide، أنجريه جيد) (
22 نوفمبر
1869
-
19 فبراير
1951
) كاتب
فرنسي
. ولد أندريه جيد في
باريس
في عائلة
بورجوازية
بروتستانتية
،
-
وتلقى تربية قاسية ومتزمتة
- بسبب وفاة والده وهو صغير السن حيث امه فنورمندية كانت متسلطة
.
-
كان أندريه معتل الصحة، وكان منذ صغره يشعر انه مختلف عن الآخرين
.
-
لم تكن دراسته المدرسية منتظمة، فعاش طفولة مشوشة
.
ما إن بلغ
المراهقة
حتى استهوته اللقاءات
الأدبية
فأخذ يرتاد الصالونات
الأدبية
والاندية الشعرية. في العام
1891
نشر جيد دفاتر أندريه فالتر التي يحكي فيها عن نفسه بشخصية بطل القصة أندريه فالتر حيث تكلم عن شعوره بالكآبة وطموحاته المستقبلية وحبه لابنه عمه مادلين المكنى عنها بالرواية تحت اسم ابنه عم البطل امانويل، تزوج ابنة عمه مادلين عام
1895
، ترجم عدة كتب إنجليزية إلى اللغة الفرنسة ووضع دراسات نقدية جديدة في الأدب الفرنسي، حصل على شهادة الدكتوراة الفخرية من اكسفور.
محتويات
الرحلة إلى إفريقيا الشمالية
لم يكن جيد يحتاج إلى البحث عن عمل أو ممارسة مهنة، فقد ككان يملك ثروة تسمح له بأن يعيش حياة مرفهة. فانكب على القراءة والمطالعة دون الاهتمام بشؤون حياته المادية
المثلية
في سنة
1893
.اكتشف هويته
المثلية
عن طريق علاقات جنسية مع المراهقين . وأثناء رحلة . إلى الجزائر تعرف على
أوسكار وايلد
واقتنع نهائيا بأنه ينبغي أن يعيش "حسب طبيعته".
بيد أن جيد يظلّ بعد ذلك يفرّق بين اللذة والحبّ إذ تزوج قربية له في عام
1895
.
أعماله
نشر أندريه جيد بين عام
1924
وعام
1926
ثلاثة كتب مهمة هي:
Corydon
الذي يشيد فيه بحبّ الغلمان
Les Faux-monnayeurs
عن الكتابة والمثلية
Si le Grain ne meurt
سيرته الذاتية
أقبية الافاتيكان
المزيفون
البوابة الضيقة
قوت الأرض
سيمفونية الحقول
التزاماته
أغرته
الشيوعية
مدّة إلا أن رحلته إلى
الاتحاد السوفياتي
سنة
1936
أقنعته بلا إنسانية النظام
الستاليني
.
التزم بعد ذلك ضد الاستعمار.
André Paul Guillaume Gide
(
French pronunciation:
22 November 1869 – 19 February 1951) was a French author and winner of the Nobel Prize in literature in 1947. Gide's career ranged from its beginnings in the
symbolist
movement, to the advent of
anticolonialism
between the two World Wars.
Known for his fiction as well as his autobiographical works, Gide exposes to public view the conflict and eventual reconciliation between the two sides of his personality, split apart by a straitlaced education and a narrow social moralism. Gide's work can be seen as an investigation of freedom and empowerment in the face of moralistic and puritanical constraints, and gravitates around his continuous effort to achieve intellectual honesty. His self-exploratory texts reflect his search of how to be fully oneself, even to the point of owning one's sexual nature, without at the same time betraying one's values. His political activity is informed by the same ethos, as suggested by his repudiation of communism after his 1936 voyage to the
USSR
.
Early life
Gide was born in Paris on 22 November 1869
, into a middle-class Protestant family. His father was a
Paris University
professor of
law and died in 1880
. His uncle was the political economist
Charles Gide
.
Gide was brought up in isolated conditions in
Normandy
and became a prolific writer at an early age, publishing his first novel,
The Notebooks of Andre Walter
(French:
Les Cahiers d'André Walter
), in 1891.
In 1893 and 1894, Gide traveled in Northern Africa, and it was there that he came to accept his attraction to boys
]
He befriended
Oscar Wilde
in Paris, and in 1895 Gide and Wilde met in
Algiers
. There, Wilde had the impression that he had introduced Gide to homosexuality, but, in fact, Gide had already discovered this on his own.
[
The middle years
In 1895, after his mother's death
, he married his cousin Madeleine Rondeaux, but the marriage remained unconsummated. In 1896, he became mayor of
La Roque-Baignard
, a
commune
in Normandy.
In 1901, Gide rented the property
Maderia
in
St. Brelade's Bay
and lived there while residing in
Jersey
. This period, 1901–07, is commonly seen as a period of apathy and unsettlement in his life.
In 1908, Gide helped found the literary magazine
Nouvelle Revue Française
(
The New French Review
).
[5]
In 1916,
Marc Allégret
, only 15 years old, became his lover. Marc was the son of Elie Allégret, best man at Gide's wedding. Of Allégret's five children, André Gide adopted Marc. The two fled to London, in retribution for which his wife burned all his correspondence, "the best part of myself," as he was later to comment. In 1918, he met
Dorothy Bussy
, who was his friend for over thirty years and who would translate many of his works into English.
In the 1920s, Gide became an inspiration for writers such as
Albert Camus
and
Jean-Paul Sartre
. In 1923, he published a book on
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
; however, when he defended
pederasty
in the public edition of
Corydon
(1924) he received widespread condemnation. He later considered this his most important work.
In 1923, he sired a daughter, Catherine, by Elisabeth van Rysselberghe, a woman who was much younger than him. He had known her for a long time, as she was the daughter of his closest female friend, Maria Monnom, the wife of his friend, the Belgian neo-impressionist painter
Théo van Rysselberghe
. This would cause the only crisis in the long-standing relationship between Allégret and Gide and damaged the relation with Van Rysselberghe. This was possibly Gide's only sexual liaison with a woman and it was brief in the extreme, but his daughter Catherine became his only descendant by blood. He liked to call Elisabeth "La Dame Blanche" ("The White Lady"). Elisabeth eventually left her husband to move to Paris and manage the practical aspects of Gide's life (they had adjoining apartments built for each of them on the rue Vavin). She worshipped him, but evidently they no longer had a sexual relationship. Gide's legal wife, Madeleine, died in 1938. Later he used the background of his unconsummated marriage in his novel
Et Nunc Manet in Te
.
In 1924, he published an autobiography,
Unless the seed dies
(French:
Si le grain ne meurt
).
After 1925, he began to demand more humane conditions for criminals.
[Africa
From July 1926 to May 1927, he travelled through the
French Equatorial Africa
colony with his lover
Marc Allégret
. Gide went successively to
Middle Congo
(now the
Republic of the Congo
),
Oubangui-Chari
(now the
Central African Republic
), briefly to
Chad
and then to
Cameroun
before returning to France.
- يتيم الاب في سن الـ 11
- ماتت امه في سن الـ 25
عاش حاية كارثية بسبب موت الاب مبكرا.
يتيم الاب.
رد مع الإقتباس