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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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12-30-2012, 04:24 PM
المشاركة
26
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
Geoffrey Chaucer
was born in London in about 1342. He was valued highly by Edward III, who paid part of his ransom when he was captured fighting in France in 1360. He rose in royal employment, becoming a Justice of the Peace and was buried in 1400 in Westminster Abbey. Nevill Coghill's translation of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde into modern English is also published by Penguin Classics
--
Geoffrey Chaucer; c. 1343 – 25 October 1400), known as the Father of
English literature
, is widely considered the greatest English poet of the
Middle Ages
and was the first poet to have been buried in
Poet's Corner
of
Westminster Abbey
. While he achieved fame during his lifetime as an author, philosopher,
alchemist
and
astronomer
, composing a scientific treatise on the
astrolabe
for his ten year-old son Lewis, Chaucer also maintained an active career in the civil service as a bureaucrat,
courtier
and diplomat. Among his many works, which include
The Book of the Duchess
, the
House of Fame
, the
Legend of Good Women
and
Troilus and Criseyde
, he is best known today for
The Canterbury Tales
. Chaucer is a crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the
vernacular
,
Middle English
, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French and Latin.
Life
Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London sometime around 1343, though the precise date and location of his birth remain unknown.
His father and grandfather were both London
vintners
; several previous generations had been merchants in
Ipswich
. (His family name derives from the French
chausseur
, meaning "shoemaker". In 1324 John Chaucer, Geoffrey's father, was kidnapped by an aunt in the hope of marrying the twelve-year-old boy to her daughter in an attempt to keep property in Ipswich. The aunt was imprisoned and the £250 fine levied suggests that the family was financially secure—bourgeois, if not elite.
[2]
John Chaucer married Agnes Copton, who, in 1349, inherited properties including 24 shops in London from her uncle, Hamo de Copton, who is described in a will dated 3 April 1354 and listed in the City Hustings Roll as "
moneyer
"; he was said to be moneyer at the
Tower of London
. In the City Hustings Roll 110, 5, Ric II, dated June 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer refers to himself as
me Galfridum Chaucer, filium Johannis Chaucer, Vinetarii, Londonie'
.
While records concerning the lives of his contemporary poets,
William Langland
and the
Pearl Poet
are practically non-existent, since Chaucer was a public servant, his official life is very well documented, with nearly five hundred written items testifying to his career.
The first of the "Chaucer Life Records" appears in 1357, in the household accounts of
Elizabeth de Burgh
, the
Countess of Ulster
, when he became the noblewoman's page through his father's connections.
( when he was 14).
She was married to
Lionel, Duke of Clarence
, the second surviving son of the king,
Edward III
, and the position brought the teenage Chaucer into the close court circle, where he was to remain for the rest of his life.
He also worked as a courtier, a diplomat, and a civil servant, as well as working for the king, collecting and inventorying scrap metal.
In 1359, in the early stages of the
Hundred Years' War
,
Edward III
invaded France and Chaucer travelled with
Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence
, Elizabeth's husband, as part of the
English army
. In 1360, he was captured during the siege of
Rheims
. Edward paid £16 for his ransom a considerable sum, and Chaucer was released. ( when he was 17).
After this, Chaucer's life is uncertain, but he seems to have travelled in France, Spain, and
Flanders
, possibly as a messenger and perhaps even going on a pilgrimage to
Santiago de Compostela
. Around 1366, Chaucer married
Philippa (de) Roet
. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen,
Philippa of Hainault
, and a sister of
Katherine Swynford
, who later (ca. 1396) became the third wife of
John of Gaunt
. It is uncertain how many children Chaucer and Philippa had, but three or four are most commonly cited. His son,
Thomas Chaucer
, had an illustrious career, as
chief butler
to four kings, envoy to France, and
Speaker of the House of Commons
. Thomas's daughter, Alice, married the
Duke of Suffolk
. Thomas's great-grandson (Geoffrey's great-great-grandson),
John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
, was the heir to the throne designated by
Richard III
before he was deposed. Geoffrey's other children probably included Elizabeth Chaucy, a nun at
Barking Abbey
.
[5]
[6]
Agnes, an attendant at
Henry IV
's coronation; and another son, Lewis Chaucer. Chaucer’s “Treatise on the Astrolabe” was written for Lewis.
[7]
Chaucer probably studied law in the
Inner Temple
(an
Inn of Court
) at this time. He became a member of the royal court of Edward III as a
varlet de chambre
,
yeoman
, or
esquire
on 20 June 1367, a position which could entail a wide variety of tasks. His wife also received a pension for court employment. He travelled abroad many times, at least some of them in his role as a valet. In 1368, he may have attended the wedding of
Lionel of Antwerp
to
Violante Visconti
, daughter of
Galeazzo II Visconti
, in
Milan
. Two other literary stars of the era were in attendance:
Jean Froissart
and
Petrarch
. Around this time, Chaucer is believed to have written
The Book of the Duchess
in honour of
Blanche of Lancaster
, the late wife of John of Gaunt, who died in 1369.
جيفري تشوسر
(
Geoffrey Chaucer
؛
1343
-
1400
) شاعر
إنجليزي
عاش في
القرن 14
في العصور الوسطى. يعرف لعمله المشهور "حكايات كانتربري" (
بالإنجليزية
:
The Canterbury Tales
). ومن بين أعماله الأخرى المعروفة: "كتاب الدوقة" (عام 1369)، و"ترويلس وكريسيد" (عام 1385). لقب بأب الشعر الإنجليزي، ويعد من أقدم الشعراء الإنجليز المعروفين.
ولد جيفري تشوسر في مدينة
لندن
عام
1343
لعائلة من الطبقة الوسطى. عمل كمراقب للجمارك بين عامي
1374
إلى
1386
. ثم عمل ككاتب لأشغال الملك من
1389
إلى
1391
. عين قاضياً في عام
1385
، ثم عضواً في البرلمان في عام
1386
. كان ينظر إلى أسلوب الحب الأرستقراطي الذي يعرف بـ "حب القصور"، وكان في شعره ينتقد أسلوب المثل الرفيعة. انتقد
الكنيسة
في عمله المعروف باسم "حكايات كانتربري" وذلك بتصويره للراهب والناسك والداعي للمثول أمام الكنيسة.
في مهام دبلوماسية غادر إلى
الفلاندرز
وإيطاليا
وإسبانيا
. وتأثر بكتابهم خاصة
دانتي
وبترارك
. كان ملماً بالكلاسيكية اللاتينية
واللاهوت
. مؤلفاته النثرية تتضمن "سلوى الفلسفة" ومقالات حول
الفلك
. كان أول شاعر إنجليزي يقوم باستعمال الوزن الملحمي في شعره، فاستخدم بيتين موزونين مؤلفين من نظم خماسي التفعيل. أما عمله الآخر المشهور فهو "كتاب الدوقة" (بالإنجليزية:
The Book of the Duchess
) فيه قصيدة تأملية في وفاة زوجة
جون جوانت
.
تشوسر مجهول الطفولة، لكن السجلات تشير الى انه عمل كحارس شخصي لدى إحدى السيدات من الطبقة البرجوازية والمتزوجة من ابن الملك، ويبدو انه وقع في الأسر وهو في سن السابعة عشرة.
مجهول الطفولة.
رد مع الإقتباس