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اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
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12-31-2012, 09:18 AM
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
[B]
Franz Kafka
(
3 July 1883
– 3 June 1924) was a
German-language
writer of novels and short stories, regarded by critics as one of the most influential
authors of the 20th century
. Kafka heavily influenced genres like
existentialism
. His works, such as "
Die Verwandlung
" ("The Metamorphosis"),
Der Process
(
The Trial
), and
Das Schloss
(
The Castle
), are filled with the themes and archetypes of alienation, physical and psychological brutality, parent–child conflict, characters on a terrifying quest, and mystical transformations.
Kafka was born into a middle-class,
German-speaking Jewish family in
Prague
, then part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
, and trained as a lawyer. After completing his legal education, Kafka obtained employment with an insurance company. He began to write short stories in his spare time, and for the rest of his life complained about the little time he had to devote to what he came to regard as his calling. He also regretted having to devote so much attention to his
Brotberuf
("day job", literally "bread job"). Kafka preferred to communicate by letter; he wrote hundreds of letters to family and close female friends, including
his father
, his fiancée
Felice Bauer
, and his youngest sister
Ottla
.
He had a complicated and troubled relationship with his father that had a major impact on his writing, and he was conflicted over his Jewishness and felt it had little to do with him, although it debatably influenced his writing.
Only a few of Kafka's works were published during his lifetime: the story collections
Betrachtung
(
Contemplation
) and
Ein Landarzt
(
A Country Doctor
), and individual stories (such as "Die Verwandlung") in literary magazines. He prepared the story collection
Ein Hungerkünstler
(
A Hunger Artist
) for print, but it was not published until after his death. Kafka's unfinished works, including his novels
Der Process
,
Das Schloss
and
Amerika
(also known as
Der Verschollene
,
The Man Who Disappeared
), were published posthumously, mostly by his friend
Max Brod
, who ignored Kafka's wish to have the manuscripts destroyed.
Albert Camus
and
Jean-Paul Sartre
are among the writers influenced by Kafka's work; the term
Kafkaesque
has entered the English language to describe surreal situations like those in his writing.
Life
Family
Kafka was born near the
Old Town Square
in
Prague
, then in the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
. His family's social and ethnic background was of middle-class
Ashkenazi Jews
.
His father, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a
shochet
or
ritual slaughterer
in
Osek
, a Czech village with a large Jewish population located near
Strakonice
in southern Bohemia.
[3]
It was Hermann who brought the Kafka family to Prague. After working as a traveling sales representative, he eventually became a fancy goods and clothing retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of a
jackdaw
(
kavka
in Czech) as his business logo.
[4]
Kafka's mother, Julie (1856–1934), was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a prosperous retail merchant in
Poděbrady
,
[5]
and was better educated than her husband.
[1]
Kafka's parents probably spoke a
Yiddish
-influenced variety of German, sometimes pejoratively called
Mauscheldeutsch
, but because the German language was considered the vehicle of social mobility, they probably encouraged their children to speak
High German
.
[6]
Hermann and Julie had six children, of which Franz was the eldest.
[7]
Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Ellie") (1889–1944), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and
Ottilie
("Ottla") (1892–1943).
Hermann is described by biographer Stanley Corngold as a "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman"
[8]
and by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, health, appetite, loudness of voice, eloquence, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presence of mind, [and] knowledge of human nature".
[9]
On business days, both parents were absent from the home with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business.
Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely,
[10]
and the children were largely reared by a series of governesses and servants
.
Kafka's troubled relationship with his father is evident in his
Brief an den Vater
(
Letter to His Father
) of more than 100 pages, in which he complains of being profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character;
[11]
his mother, in contrast, was quiet and shy.
[12]
The dominating figure of Kafka's father had a significant impact on Kafka's writing.
[13]
The Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment. Franz's room was often cold. In November 1913 the family moved into a bigger apartment even though Ellie and Vallie had married and moved out of the first apartment. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, the sisters did not know where their husbands were and moved back in with the family into this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli now had children. Franz, now age 31, moved into Valli's quiet apartment and lived by himself for the first time.
[14]
Education
From 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the
Deutsche Knabenschule
(German boys' elementary school) at the
Masný trh/Fleischmarkt
(meat market), now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with his
Bar Mitzvah
celebration at the age of 13. Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and only went with his father on four holidays a year.
After leaving elementary school in 1893, Kafka was admitted to the rigorous classics-oriented state
gymnasium
,
Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium
, an academic secondary school at Old Town Square, within the Kinsky Palace. German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech; he studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades.
[19]
He received compliments for his Czech, but never considered himself fluent.
[20]
He completed his
Matura
exams in 1901.
[21]
Admitted to the German
Karl-Ferdinands-Universität
of Prague in 1901, Kafka began studying chemistry, but switched to law after two weeks.
[22]
Although this field did not excite him, it offered a range of career possibilities which pleased his father. In addition, law required a longer course of study, giving Kafka time to take classes in German studies and art history.
[23]
He also joined a student club,
Lese-und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten
(Reading and Lecture Hall of the German students), which organized literary events, readings and other activities.
[24]
Among Kafka's friends were the journalist
Felix Weltsch
, who studied philosophy, the actor
Yitzchak Lowy
who came from an orthodox
Hasidic
Warsaw family, and the writers
Oskar Baum
and
Franz Werfel
.
[25]
At the end of his first year of studies, Kafka met
Max Brod
, a fellow law student, who became a close friend for life.
[24]
Brod soon noticed that, although Kafka was shy and seldom spoke, what he said was usually profound.
[26]
Kafka was an avid reader throughout his life;
[27]
with Brod, he read Plato's
Protagoras
in the original
Greek
, on Brod's initiative, and
Flaubert
's
L'éducation sentimentale
(
Sentimental Education
) and
La Temptation de St. Anthoine
(
The Temptation of Saint Anthony
) in French, at Kafka's suggestion.
[28]
Kafka considered
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
, Flaubert,
Franz Grillparzer
,
[29]
and
Heinrich von Kleist
to be his "true
blood brothers
".
[30]
Besides these, he took an interest in
Czech literature
[17]
[18]
and was also very fond of the works of
Goethe
.
[31]
[32]
Kafka obtained the degree of Doctor of Law on 18 July 1906
and performed an obligatory year of unpaid service as law clerk for the civil and criminal courts.
[35]
Kafka was diagnosed with tuberculosis in August 1917 and moved for a few months to the
Bohemian
village of Zürau, where his sister Ottla worked on the farm of her brother-in-law Hermann. He felt comfortable there and later described this time as perhaps the best in his life, probably because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and
Oktavhefte
(
octavo
). From the notes in these books Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of text on
Zettel
, single pieces of paper in no given order. They were later published as
Die Zürauer Aphorismen
oder Betrachtungen über Sünde,
Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Kafka may have possessed a
schizoid personality disorder
.
[84]
His style, they claim, not only in "Die Verwandlung" ("The Metamorphosis"), but in various other writings, appears to show low to medium-level schizoid characteristics, which explain much of his surprising work.
[85]
His anguish can be seen in this diary entry from 21 June 1913:
[86]
The tremendous world I have in my head. But how to free myself and free them without ripping apart. And a thousand times rather tear in me they hold back or buried. For this I'm here, that's quite clear to me.
[87]
Though Kafka never married, he held marriage and children in high esteem. He had several girlfriends,
[89]
but some academics have speculated over his sexuality; others have suggested he may have suffered from an eating disorder. Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Psychiatric Clinic,
University of Munich
presented "evidence for the hypothesis that the writer Franz Kafka had suffered from an atypical
anorexia nervosa
"
[90]
and that Kafka was not just lonely and depressed
but also "
occasionally suicidal
"
--
فرانز كافكا
(
بالألمانية
:
Franz Kafka
) (
3 يوليو
1883
-
3 يونيو
1924
) كاتب
تشيكي
يهودي
كتب
بالألمانية
، رائد الكتابة الكابوسية. يعد أحد أفضل أدباء الألمان في فن الرواية والقصة القصيرة.
تعلم كافكا الكيمياءوالحقوق والادب في الجامعة الألمانية في
براغ
(1901). ولد لعائلة يهودية متحررة، وخلال حياته تقرب من اليهودية. تعلم العبرية لدى معلمة خصوصية. عمل موظفا في شركة تأمين حوادث العمل. امضى وقت فراغه في الكتابة الادبية التي راى بها هدف وجوهر حياته. القليل من كتاباته نشرت خلال حياته، معظمها - يشمل رواياته العظمى (الحكم) و(الغائب) التي لم ينهها- نشرت بعد موته، على يد صديقه المقرب
ماكس برود
، الذي لم يستجب لطلب كافكا بإبادة كل كتاباته.
حياته كانت مليئة بالحزن والمعاناة، بما في ذلك علاقته بوالده.
فكافكا كان مثقفا حساسا وقع تحت حكم والد مستبد وقوي، عنه، هكذا قال، كتبت كل إنتاجاته. فكتب رسالته الطويلة تحت عنوان (رسالة لأب). الامر يبرز بصورة خاصة في كتابه (الحكم) حيث يقبل الشاب حكم الموت الذي اصدره عليه والده ويغرق.
كان كافكا نباتيا واشمأز من أكل اللحوم، وهنالك من يربطون هذا بمهنة جده الذي كان جزارا. عرف كافكا على انه شخص يصعب عليه اتمام الامور، وهو الامر الذي ميز كتابته حيث كان يجد صعوبة في انهاء إنتاجاته.
وفاته
توفي فرانز كافكا بمرض
السل
في
3 يونيو
1924
عن عمر يناهز ال 41، بعد عام على ايجاده الحب الكبير لحياته، المهاجرة اليهودية دورا ديامنط. ,, وتوفي بمدينة بالقرب من فينا
من مؤلفاته
جدير بالذكر كذلك أن كتابات كافكا قد تعرضت فيما بعد للحرق على يد
هتلر
، وتعرضت مؤلفات كافكا لموقفين متناقضين من الدول
الشيوعية
في القرن الماضي، بدأت بالمنع والمصادرة وانتهت بالترحيب والدعم.
المسخ
المحاكمة
القلعة
الغائب
قصص وفصول تأملية
طبيب قروي وقصص أخرى
وصف نضال
ابحاث عن الكلب
فنان الجوع
الحكم
في مستوطنة العقاب
بنات آوى والعرب.
هو ليس يتيم لكن كل المؤشرات تشير إلى انه عاش حياة مضطربة وقاسية وكان يعاني من المرض النفسي الذي كاد يدفعه إلى الانتحار، وهناك من يرى بأنه كان يعاني من ازمات نفسية وكان يشعر بالوحدة والكآبه. مات اثنين من اخوته اصغر منه، قبل أن يصل السابعة، وكان والده يتغيبان كثيرا عن المنزل، وتربى كافكا من قبل الخدم. مرض بالسل وهو في سن الـ 30 ومات صغير السن وهو في الـ 41.
كان للموت اثر مزلزل في طقفولته، وهو يرقى إلى مستوى اليتيم الاجتماعي بسبب غياب العائلة وبسبب علاقته مع والده المتجبر لكنه حتما مأزوم.
مأزوم.
رد مع الإقتباس