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Edgar Allan Poe
(born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American
Romantic Movement
. Best known for his tales of
mystery
and the
macabre
, Poe was one of the earliest American practitioners of the short story and is considered the inventor of the
detective fiction
genre. He is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of
science fiction
.
[1]
He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.
[2]
He was born as Edgar Poe in
Boston
,
Massachusetts
; he was orphaned young when his mother died shortly after his father abandoned the family. Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan, of
Richmond
,
Virginia
, but they never formally adopted him. He attended the
University of Virginia
for one semester but left due to lack of money. After enlisting in the Army and later failing as an officer's cadet at
West Point
, Poe parted ways with the Allans. His publishing career began humbly, with an anonymous collection of poems,
Tamerlane and Other Poems
(1827), credited only to "a Bostonian".
Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, becoming known for his own style of literary criticism. His work forced him to move among several cities, including
Baltimore
,
Philadelphia
, and
New York City
. In Baltimore in 1835, he married
Virginia Clemm
, his 13-year-old cousin. In January 1845 Poe published his poem, "
The Raven
", to instant success. His wife died of
tuberculosis
two years after its publication. He began planning to produce his own journal,
The Penn
(later renamed
The Stylus
), though he died before it could be produced. On October 7, 1849, at age 40, Poe died in Baltimore; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, brain congestion,
cholera
, drugs, heart disease,
rabies
, suicide, tuberculosis, and other agents.
[3]
Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world, as well as in specialized fields, such as
cosmology
and
cryptography
. Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The
Mystery Writers of America
present an annual award known as the
Edgar Award
for distinguished work in the mystery genre.
Life and career
Early life
He was born Edgar Poe in
Boston, Massachusetts
, on January 19, 1809, the second child of
English
-born actress
Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe
and actor
David Poe, Jr.
He had an elder brother,
William Henry Leonard Poe
, and a younger sister, Rosalie Poe.
[5]
Their grandfather, David Poe, Sr., had emigrated from
Cavan, Ireland
, to America around the year 1750.
[6]
Edgar may have been named after a character in
William Shakespeare's
King Lear
, a play the couple was performing in 1809.
[7]
His father abandoned their family in 1810,
[8]
and his mother died a year later from consumption (
pulmonary tuberculosis
). Poe was then taken into the home of John Allan, a successful Scottish merchant in
Richmond, Virginia
, who dealt in a variety of goods including tobacco, cloth, wheat, tombstones, and
slaves
.
[9]
The Allans served as a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",
[10]
though they never formally adopted him.
[11]
The Allan family had Poe baptized in the
Episcopal Church
in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.
[10]
The family, including Poe and Allan's wife, Frances Valentine Allan, sailed to Britain in 1815. Poe attended the grammar school in
Irvine
, Scotland (where John Allan was born) for a short period in 1815, before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding school in
Chelsea
until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered at the Reverend John Bransby’s Manor House School at
Stoke Newington
, then a suburb four miles (6 km) north of London.
[12]
Poe moved back with the Allans to Richmond, Virginia in 1820. In 1824 Poe served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as Richmond
celebrated the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette
.
[13]
In March 1825, John Allan's uncle
[14]
and business benefactor William Galt, said to be one of the wealthiest men in Richmond, died and left Allan several acres of real estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000. By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick home named Moldavia.
[15]
Poe may have become engaged to
Sarah Elmira Royster
before he registered at the one-year-old
University of Virginia
in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.
[16]
[17]
The university, in its infancy, was established on the ideals of its founder,
Thomas Jefferson
. It had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco and alcohol, but these rules were generally ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of student self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was still in chaos, and there was a high dropout rate.
[18]
During his time there, Poe lost touch with Royster and also became estranged from his foster father over gambling debts. Poe claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did send additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.
[19]
Poe gave up on the university after a year, and, not feeling welcome in Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married Alexander Shelton, he traveled to Boston in April 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and newspaper writer.
[20]
At some point he started using the
pseudonym
Henri Le Rennet.
[21]
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