الموضوع
:
اعظم 100 كتاب في التاريخ: ما سر هذه العظمة؟- دراسة بحثية
عرض مشاركة واحدة
01-05-2013, 09:47 PM
المشاركة
122
ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
هالدور لاكسنس
هو أديب آيسلندي ولد في 23 افريل 1902 وتوفي في 8 فيفري 1998. تحصل على جائزة نوبل في الأدب لسنة 1955 و ايضا حصل على جائزة الاتحاد السوفيتي للسلام في الاعمال الادبيةو كان ذلك في سنة 1953 . تتمحور جميع أعماله حول بلده
آيسلندا
. نشر أول رواية له في سن السابعة عشرة من عمره تناول فيها مرحلة طفولته وأطلق على الرواية اسم «طفل الطبيعة». أما الرواية التي لفتت أنظار الأوساط الأدبية إليه كانت «النساج العظيم من كشمير» ونشرت عام 1929.
تخرج من المدرسة اللاتينية الآيسلندية وبعدها زار أرجاء أوروبا لدراسة الديانة
المسيحية
واللغات الأجنبية، وفي النهاية قرر عدم دخول سلك الرهبنة. وعند انتهاء
الحرب العالمية الأولى
، أمضى زمنا طويلا في أوروبا والولايات المتحدة، وحاول أن يجد لنفسه عملا في
هوليوود
ككاتب سيناريو بين 1927 و 1929
Halldór Kiljan Laxness (Icelandic:
[ˈhaltour ˈcʰɪljan ˈlaxsnɛs]
(
listen
)
; born Halldór Guðjónsson; 23 April 1902 – 8 February 1998) was a twentieth-century
Icelandic
writer. Throughout his career Laxness wrote
poetry
, newspaper articles,
plays
,
travelogues
,
short stories
, and
novels
. Major influences on his writings include
August Strindberg
,
Sigmund Freud
,
Sinclair Lewis
,
Upton Sinclair
,
Bertolt Brecht
and
Ernest Hemingway
.
[1]
He received the 1955
Nobel Prize in Literature
, and is the only Icelandic Nobel laureate.
Early life
Laxness was born under the name Halldór Guðjónsson (following the tradition of
Icelandic patronymics
) in
Reykjavík
in 1902, the son of Guðjón Helgason and Sigríður Halldórsdóttir. After spending his early years in Reykjavík, he moved with his family in 1905 to
Laxnes
near
Mosfellsbær
, a more rural area just north of the capital. He soon started to read books and write stories. At the age of 14 his first article was published in the newspaper
Morgunblaðið
under the name "H.G." His first book, the novel
Barn náttúrunnar
(translated
Child of Nature
), was published in 1919.
[2]
At the time of its publication he had already begun his travels on the European continent.
[3]
1920s
In 1922, Laxness joined the
Abbaye
St. Maurice et St. Maur in
Clervaux
,
Luxembourg
. The
monks
followed the rules of
Saint Benedict of Nursia
. Laxness was baptized and confirmed in the
Catholic Church
early in 1923. Following his confirmation, he adopted the surname
Laxness
(in honor of the homestead where he had been raised) and added the name
Kiljan
(an Icelandic spelling of the
Irish
martyr
Saint Killian
).
Inside the walls of the abbey, he practiced self-study, read books, and studied
French
,
Latin
,
theology
and
philosophy
. While there, he composed the story
Undir Helgahnjúk
, published in 1924. Soon after his baptism, he became a member of a group which prayed for reversion of the
Nordic countries
back to Catholicism. Laxness wrote of his
Catholicism
in the book
Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír
, published in 1927: "For a while he reached a safe haven in a Catholic monastery in Luxembourg, whence he sent home surrealistic poetry and gathered material for the great autobiographical novel recording his mental development, 'a witch brew of ideas presented in a stylistic furioso' (Peter Hallberg),
Vefarinn mikli frá Kasmír
. I have long thought that this work was marked by the chaos of
German expressionism
; at any rate it has the abandon advocated by
André Breton
, the master of French
surrealism
. It created a sensation in Iceland and was hailed by Kristjan Albertsson as the epoch-making book it really was. In the future Laxness was always in the vanguard of stylistic development..."
[4]
"Laxness's religious period did not last long; during a visit to America he became attracted to
socialism
.".
[5]
Partly under the influence of Upton Sinclair, with whom he'd become friends in California, "With
Alþydubókin
(1929) Laxness... joined the socialist
bandwagon
... a book of brilliant
burlesque
and satirical essays... one of a long series in which he discussed his many travel impressions (Russia, western Europe, South America), unburdened himself of socialistic satire and propaganda, and wrote of the literature and the arts, essays of prime importance to an understanding of his own art..."
[6]
Laxness lived in the United States and attempted to write screenplays for Hollywood films between 1927 and 1929.
[7]
1930s
By the 1930s he "had become the apostle of the younger generation" and was attacking "viciously" the Christian spiritualism of
Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran
, an influential writer who had also been considered for the
Nobel Prize
.
[8]
"... with "Salka Valka" (1931–32) began the great series of sociological novels, often coloured with socialist ideas, continuing almost without a break for nearly twenty years. This was probably the most brilliant period of his career, and it is the one which produced those of his works that have become most famous. But Laxness never attached himself permanently to a particular dogma."
[9]
Other major works from this period include
Sjálfstætt fólk (Independent People, 1934, 1935)
, and
Heimsljós (World Light, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940)
: "... which has been consistently regarded by many critics as his most important work.".
[10]
He also traveled to the Soviet Union and wrote approvingly of the Soviet system and culture.
[11]
[
1940s
Laxness translated
Ernest Hemingway
's
A Farewell to Arms
into Icelandic in 1941, with controversial neologisms.
[12]
Laxness published the sprawling three-part
Íslandsklukkan
(
Iceland's Bell
, 1943–46) a historical novel.
In 1946 Independent People was released as a book of the month club selection in the United States, selling over 450,000 copies.
[13]
In response to the establishment of a permanent US military base in
Keflavík
, he wrote the
satire
Atómstöðin
(
The Atom Station
), an action which, in part, may have caused his
blacklisting
in the United States.
[14]
"The demoralization of the occupation period is described... nowhere as dramatically as in Halldor Kiljan Laxness'
Atómstöðin
(1948)... [where he portrays] postwar society in Reykjavík, completely torn from its moorings by the avalanche of foreign gold"
[15]
رد مع الإقتباس