22- الحاسوب هوارد آيكن، وآخرون أمريكي 1944م
- كان والده مدمنا على الكحول وكان عنيفا .
- دافع هوارد عن والدته وهو في سن الثانية عشرة حيث تصدى له عندما حاول الاعتداد عليها .
- خرج الوالد بعد ذلك العراك ولم يعد الى المنزل أبدا ولم يشاهده احد .
- ذلك يجعله يتيم الاب في سن الثنية عشرة .
- مازوم ويتيم اجتماعي ويتيم الاب.

Howard Hathaway Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on 8th of March 1900, as the only child in the family of Daniel H. Aiken, from a wealthy and well-established Indiana family, and Margaret Emily Mierisch-Aiken, a child of German immigrants. When he was just entering his teens, he moved, with his parents and his maternal grandparents, to Indianapolis.

Daniel Aiken was addicted to alcohol and, during fits of drunkenness, would physically abuse his wife. During one such episode, young Howard, already large and strong at the age of 12, grabbed a fireplace poker and drove his father out of the house. The family never saw Daniel Aiken again.

Once the father had disappeared, the paternal relatives would have nothing more to do with young Howard or his mother and did not help them financially. Aiken was in the ninth grade when it became his responsibility to support his mother and grandmother. This meant that he would have to leave school and go to work. He got a job installing telephones (12 hour shifts) and began to take correspondence courses. One of his teachers however, having seen signs of Aiken's intellectual brilliance, especially in mathematics, went to see Mrs. Aiken to plead that her son return to school. Because of the family's pressing financial needs, Mrs. Aiken could not acquiesce. The teacher then found Aiken a night job (Howard was very found of this job, because he had to work only 8 hours every night!) as an electrician's helper for the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company, so he would be able to attend school during the day.

Howard Aiken is a difficult figure to write about because some people seem to have loved him and others hated him just as much. He clearly was strong willed but in some people's opinion this spilled over into a sort of self-centred conceit.

The story of how he came to create one of the first programmable computers is also an odd one. Born in New Jersey to parents who were not well off, Aiken worked hard to gain an education. He literally worked hard - 12 hours a the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company while at technical high school. He put himself through university by working for the four years at the Madison Gas and Electric company. He studied engineering and got his degree in 1923. Being an engineer what was more natural than to continue to work for the Gas and Electric company where he designed and built generating stations.

After ten years of engineering Aiken made a startling discovery. At the age of 32 he realised that he had studied for the wrong degree! He wanted to be a mathematician or failing that a physicist. He enrolled for a year at the University of Chicago and then moved to Harvard where he finally obtained a degree in physics and then a doctorate in physics at the age of 39. He supported himself through his second education by teaching physics and communications engineering.
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Howard Hathaway Aiken was born March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey. However he grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana where he attended the Arsenal Technical High School. After high school he studied at the University of Wisconsin where he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. During college Aiken worked for the Madison Gas Company; after graduation he was promoted to chief engineer there.
In 1935 Aiken decided to return to school. In 1939 he received a Ph.D. from Harvard University. It was while working on his doctoral thesis in physics that Aiken began to think about constructing a machine to help with the more tedious tasks of calculations. Aiken began to talk about his idea and did research into what could be done. With help from colleagues at the university, Aiken succeeded in convincing IBM fund his project.
The idea was to build an electromachanic machine that could perform mathematical operations quickly and efficiently and allow a person to spend more time thinking instead of laboring over tedious calculations. IBM was to build the machine with Aiken acting as head of the construction team and donate it to Harvard with the requirement that IBM would get the credit for building it. The constructing team was to use machine components that IBM already had in existence.

It took seven years and a lot of money to finally get the machine operational. Part of the delay was due to the intervention of World War II. Officially the computer was called the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator but most everyone called it the Mark I. After completing the Mark I, Aiken went on to produce three more computers, two of which were electric rather than electromechanical.
More important than the actual computer (whose major purpose was to create tables), was the fact that it proved to the world that such a machine was more than just fancy, it was a practical purpose machine. Perhaps more important than the invention of Mark I was Aiken's contribution to academia. He started the first computer science academic program in the world.

Lauderdale, Florida. He died March 14, 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri

Born: 8-Mar-1900
Birthplace: Hoboken, NJ
Died: 14-Mar-1973
Location of death: St. Louis, MO
Cause of death: Natural Causes

Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Physicist, Inventor, Computer Programmer

Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Designer of early computers

Military service: US Navy (1942-46); US Navy Reserve (to Commander)

Computer pioneer Howard Aiken was trained as an electrical engineer at the University of Wisconsin, and as a young man he spent several years in the power generation and transmission industry. He eventually returned to school at the University of Chicago, which he later described as "a lousy institution", and after just two semesters at Chicago he transferred to Harvard. There, working toward his PhD in Physics, he grew weary of the required mathematical calculations — advanced differential equations which could only be solved with virtually endless hours of headache-inducing slide-rule work. In 1937, inspired by the century-old writings of Charles Babbage, he wrote a 22-page paper proposing that such purely numerical exercises could be mechanized.

Aiken met with executives at the Monroe Calculator Company, a leading maker of "noiseless" mechanical calculating machines, but his pitch was politely rebuffed. He then made a similar proposal to a rival firm, International Business Machines, a maker of punch cards, card sorters, and other industrial accounting devices. Aiken's plan was personally approved for funding by IBM's CEO, Thomas J. Watson, with the cost-saving stipulation that the project primarily use mechanical parts that the firm already made.

Working with IBM's technicians at its Endicott, New York laboratory, Aiken spent seven years designing and constructing the Mark I computer, which was successfully tested in 1943. Known formally as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), it was never mass-produced, but it was an important breakthrough in mechanical and electrical technology. More than fifty feet wide, with some 700,000 mechanical parts, 1,200 ball bearings, and 530 miles of wiring, the Mark I weighed 35 tons, could store six dozen numbers, and it had cost IBM upwards of half a million dollars. It was the world’s first program-controlled calculator, and arguably the first modern computer.

With no industrial market for such a machine, the Mark I was used as publicity for IBM, and when the media grew disinterested it was shipped to Harvard and installed there in 1944. At Harvard the machine was used virtually 24 hours every day for the next fifteen years, for some of the most advanced scientific projects of the era.

Aiken's next project, the Mark II computer, was funded by the US Navy, completed in 1947, employed an electrical memory, and was capable of making calculations several times faster than the Mark I. His Mark III or Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator (ADEC), completed in 1949 at the Navy's Dahlgren Proving Ground in Virginia, was the first large-scale practical computer to use magnetic drums for data storage, allowing internal data storage and retrieval from an address stored in the computer's register. Aiken's almost-all-electronic Mark IV was completed in 1952 with funding from the US Air Force, and was the first computer to segregate the storage of software and data, a concept now known in computer parlance as the Harvard architecture. In addition to his contributions to early computer technology, Aiken established the first collegiate-level computer science classes when he taught at Harvard and the University of Miami.

Father: Daniel Aiken
Mother: Margaret Emily Mierisch Aiken
Wife: Louise (m. 1939, div. 1942)
Daughter: Rachael
Wife: Agnes Montgomery (Latin teacher, "Monty", m. 1942