Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (Russian: ذگذ»ذµذ؛رپذµجپذ¹ ذœذ°ذ؛رپذ¸جپذ¼ذ¾ذ²ذ¸ر‡ ذںذµرˆذ؛ذ¾جپذ² or ذںذµجپرˆذ؛ذ¾ذ²;[1] 28 March*[O.S. 16 March]*1868*– 18 June 1936), primarily known as Maxim (Maksim) Gorky (/ثˆة،ة”ثگrki/;[2] Russian: ذœذ°ذ؛رپذ¸جپذ¼ ذ“ذ¾جپر€رŒذ؛ذ¸ذ¹), was a Russian and Soviet writer, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist.[3] He was also a five-time nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[4] Around fifteen years before success as a writer, he frequently changed jobs and roamed across the Russian Empire; these experiences would later influence his writing. Gorky's most famous works were The Lower Depths (1902), Twenty-six Men and a Girl, The Song of the Stormy Petrel, My Childhood,The Mother, Summerfolk and Children of the Sun. He had an association with fellow Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov; Gorky would later mention them in his memoirs.

Gorky was active with the emerging Marxist social-democratic movement. He publicly opposed the Tsarist regime, and for a time closely associated himself with Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov's Bolshevik wing of the party. For a significant part of his life, he was exiled from Russia and later the Soviet Union. In 1932, he returned to Russia on Joseph Stalin's personal invitation and died there in June 1936.

Life

Early years
Born as Alexei Maximovich Peshkov on 28 March*[O.S. 16 March]*1868, in Nizhny Novgorod, Gorky became an orphan at the age of eleven. He was brought up by his grandmother[3] and ran away from home at the age of twelve in 1880. After an attempt at suicide in December 1887, he travelled on foot across the Russian Empire for five years, changing jobs and accumulating impressions used later in his writing.[3]

As a journalist working for provincial newspapers, he wrote under the pseudonym ذکذµذ³رƒذ´ذ¸ذ¸ذ» ذ¥ذ»ذ°ذ¼ذ¸ذ´ذ° (Jehudiel Khlamida).[5] He began using the pseudonym "Gorky" (from ذ³ذ¾ر€رŒذ؛ذ¸ذ¹; literally "bitter") in 1892, while working in Tiflis for the newspaper ذڑذ°ذ²ذ؛ذ°ذ· (The Caucasus).[6] The name reflected his simmering anger about life in Russia and a determination to speak the bitter truth. Gorky's first book ذ‍ر‡ذµر€ذ؛ذ¸ ذ¸ ر€ذ°رپرپذ؛ذ°ذ·ر‹ (Essays and Stories) in 1898 enjoyed a sensational success, and his career as a writer began. Gorky wrote incessantly, viewing literature less as an aesthetic practice (though he worked hard on style and form) than as a moral and political act that could change the world. He described the lives of people in the lowest strata and on the margins of society, revealing their hardships, humiliations, and brutalisation, but also their inward spark of humanity.[3]