الموضوع
:
هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية
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08-18-2010, 10:44 PM
المشاركة
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ايوب صابر
مراقب عام سابقا
اوسمتي
مجموع الاوسمة
: 4
تاريخ الإنضمام :
Sep 2009
رقم العضوية :
7857
المشاركات:
12,768
فيكتور هوجو
Victor-Marie Hugo (French pronunciation:
[viktɔʁ maʁi yˈɡo]
) (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a
French
poet
,
playwright
,
novelist
,
essayist
,
visual artist
,
statesman
,
human rights
activist
and exponent of the
Romantic movement
in France.
In France, Hugo's literary fame comes first from his poetry but also rests upon his novels and his dramatic achievements. Among many volumes of poetry,
Les Contemplations
and
La Légende des siècles
stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Outside France, his best-known works are the novels
Les Misérables
and
Notre-Dame de Paris
(known in English also as
The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
).
Though a committed conservative royalist when he was young, Hugo grew more liberal as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of
republicanism
, and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the
Panthéon
.
Life
Victor Hugo was the third and last son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821); his brothers were Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) and Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802 in
Besançon
(in the region of
Franche-Comté
) and lived in
France
for the majority of his life. However, he went into exile during the reign of
Napoleon III
— he lived briefly in
Brussels
during 1851; in
Jersey
from 1852 to 1855; and in
Guernsey
from 1855 to 1870 and again in 1872-1873. There was a general amnesty in 1859; after that, his exile was by choice.
Hugo's early childhood was marked by great events. Napoléon was proclaimed Emperor two years after Hugo's birth, and the Bourbon Monarchy was restored before his eighteenth birthday. The opposing political and religious views of Hugo's parents reflected the forces that would battle for supremacy in France throughout his life: Hugo's father was an officer who ranked very high in Napoleon's army. He was an
atheist
republican
who considered Napoléon a hero; his mother was an extreme
Catholic
Royalist
who is believed to have taken as her lover General
Victor Lahorie
, who was executed in 1812 for plotting against Napoléon.
Since Hugo's father, Joseph, was an officer, they moved frequently and Hugo learned much from these travels. On his family's journey to
Naples
, he saw the vast
Alpine
passes and the snowy peaks, the magnificently blue
Mediterranean
, and
Rome
during its festivities. Though he was only nearly six at the time, he remembered the half-year-long trip vividly. They stayed in Naples for a few months and then headed back to
Paris
.
Sophie followed her husband to posts in
Italy
(where Léopold served as a governor of a province near Naples) and
Spain
(where he took charge of three Spanish provinces).
Weary of the constant moving required by military life, and at odds with her unfaithful husband, Sophie separated temporarily from Léopold in 1803 and settled in Paris
.
Thereafter she dominated Hugo's education and upbringing. As a result, Hugo's early work in poetry and fiction reflect a passionate devotion to both
King
and
Faith
. It was only later, during the events leading up to France's
1848 Revolution
, that he would begin to rebel against his Catholic Royalist education and instead champion Republicanism and
Freethought
.
Young Victor fell in love and against his mother's wishes, became secretly engaged to his childhood friend Adèle Foucher (1803-1868).
Unusually close to his mother, he felt free to marry Adèle (in 1822) only after his mother's death in 1821
They had their first child Léopold in 1823, but the boy died in infancy
.
Hugo's other children were
Léopoldine
(28 August 1824),
Charles
(4 November 1826),
François-Victor
(28 October 1828) and
Adèle
(24 August 1830). Hugo published his first novel the following year (
Han d'Islande
, 1823), and his second three years later (
Bug-Jargal
, 1826). Between 1829 and 1840 he would publish five more volumes of poetry (
Les Orientales
, 1829;
Les Feuilles d'automne
, 1831;
Les Chants du crépuscule
, 1835;
Les Voix intérieures
, 1837; and
Les Rayons et les ombres
, 1840), cementing his reputation as one of the greatest elegiac and lyric poets of his time.
Victor Hugo was devastated when his oldest and favorite daughter, Léopoldine, died at age 19 in 1843, shortly after her marriage.
She was drowned in the Seine at Villequier, pulled down by her heavy skirts, when a boat overturned. Her young husband died trying to save her. Victor Hugo was traveling with his mistress at the time in the south of France, and learned about Léopoldine's death from a newspaper as he sat in a cafe.
[1]
He describes his shock and grief in his poem
!
Alas! turning an envious eye towards the past,
unconsolable by anything on earth,
I keep looking at that moment of my life
when I saw her open her wings and fly away!
I will see that instant until I die,
that instant-- too much for tears!
when I cried out: "The child that I had just now--
what! I don't have her any more!"
He wrote many poems afterwards about his daughter's life and death, and at least one biographer claims he never completely recovered from it. His most famous poem is probably
Demain, dès l'aube
, in which he describes visiting her grave
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