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قديم 02-23-2012, 04:01 PM
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افتراضي
==
68- شيفاجي
· Shivaji ( 1630 – 1680), King of Maratha
Shivaji Raje Bhosle (Marathi: 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), with the royal title Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shivaji Maharaj (Marathi: was a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhosle clan who founded the Maratha empire. Shivaji led a resistance to free the Maratha people from the Sultanate of Bijapur, and establish Hindavi Swarajya ("self-rule of Hindu people"[7]). He created an independent Maratha kingdom with Raigad as its capital,[6] and successfully fought against the Mughals to defend his kingdom.[5] He was crowned as Chhatrapati ("sovereign") of the Maratha kingdom in 1674.[5][6]
He established a competent and progressive civil rule with the help of a well-regulated and disciplined military and well-structured administrative organizations. The prevalent practices of treating women as spoils of war, destruction of religious monuments, slavery and forceful religious conversions were firmly opposed under his administration. Shivaji was a religious Hindu.[8] He also innovated rules of military engagement, pioneering the "Shiva sutra" or ganimi kava (guerrilla tactics), which leveraged strategic factors like geography, speed, surprise and focused pinpoint attacks to defeat his larger and more powerful enemies[8] and built many sea-forts.[9][10] From a small contingent of 2,000 soldiers inherited from his father, he created a formidable force of 100,000 soldiers who eventually defeated the mighty Mughal Empire even after his death.
Early life

Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born in the hill-fort of Shivneri, near the Junnar city in Pune district. When his mother Jijabai was pregnant she went to pray to Lord Shiva for his blessings and Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's name is kept after Lord Shiva.
Shivaji was born in 1551 AD of Shaka calendar (Friday, 19 February 1627).[2] Dr. Bal Krishna was the first noted historian who preferred Feb, 1627 as the date of birth of Shivaji on the basis of Contemporary documents further the horoscope of Shivaji was found in Jodhpur of Rajputana State (Now Rajasthan) which confirms the same Feb, 1627 as the date of birth of Shivaji[11].
The horoscope in the possession of Mewar Museum submitted by Pandits Mithalal Vyas of Jodhpur is the most authentic evidence of Shivaji 1630 date of birth.[12] Maharashtra state government accept this as the true birthdate of Shivaji.[13]
· the second day of the light half of Vaisakha in the year 1549 of Saka calendar.[2] Thursday, 6 April 1627, or other dates near this day. This date is supported by scholars such as Jadunath Sarkar and GS Sardesai[14][15][16].
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's father Shahaji Bhosle served alongside Malik Ambar, who defended the Deccan region (first to be done by any Maratha in the Deccan region) against the Mughals. He always tried to free their Kingdom from the Bijapur Sultanate as well as wanted to throw out the Mughal period in India and establish a Swaraj Empire). His mother Jijabai, a pious and far sighted lady was the daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav of Sindkhed. She is regarded to be the master or the guru of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's bravery by their court poet, Paramanand. During the period of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's birth, the power in Deccan was shared by three Islamic sultanates – Bijapur, Ahmednagar, and Golconda. Shahaji kept changing his loyalty between the Nizamshahi of Ahmadnagar, Adil Shah of Bijapur and the Mughals, but always kept his jagir (fiefdom) at Pune and his small army with him. He tried to establish independent kingdom twice, but he had to surrender before onslaught of Mughals in 1636. By a treaty Shahji was forced to leave Maratha country and took up service with Adilshah in deep south. The region around pune was devastated due to continuous warfare, hence to restore peace and prosperity Jijabai remained behind.
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was extremely devoted to his mother Jijabai, who was deeply religious. This religious environment had a profound influence on Shivaji, and he carefully studied the two great Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata. The morality and spiritual messages of the epics made a great impression on him. Throughout his life he was deeply interested in religious teachings, and sought the company of Hindu and Sufi (an esoteric Muslim sect) saints throughout his life.[15]
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj drew his earliest trusted comrades and a large number of his soldiers from the Maval region, including Yesaji Kank, Suryaji Kakade, Baji Pasalkar, Baji Prabhu Deshpande and Tanaji Malusare. In the company of his Maval comrades, a young Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj wandered over the hills and forests of the Sahyadri range, hardening himself and acquiring first-hand knowledge of the land. By 1639, he commanded a hardy and loyal band of officers and soldiers.[15]
At the age of 12, Shivaji was taken to Bangalore where he was further formally trained along-with elder brother Sambhaji and stepbrother Ekoji I. He married Saibai, a member of the prominent Nimbalkar family in 1640. [17] At age of 14, he returned to Pune with a rajmudra (sovereign seal) and council of minister.
.
Coronation

According to some theories, Shivaji's ancestors from his father's side had migrated from Mewar to Deccan.[30] But later on the Rajput origin of the Bhonsle has been contested by some academics in 20th century.[31] According to this hypothesis, many local Brahmins questioned Shivaji's Kshatriya ancestry before his coronation, but the Marathas secured support of Pandit Gaga Bhatt of Varanasi who presented a genealogy claiming Shivaji's ancestors were Kshatriyas descended from the solar line of the Rajput Ranas of Mewar.[32]
At the time of Shivaji's coronation twenty-thousand Brahmans were present at Raigad. Gaga Bhatt, an authority of Vedas officially presided over the ceremony, and had a gold vessel filled with the seven sacred waters of the rivers Yamuna, Indus, Ganges, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. He held the vessel over Shivaji's head and chanted the coronation mantras, as the water kept dripping from the several tiny holes in the vessel. After the ablution, Shivaji bowed before Jijamata and touched her feet. Nearly fifty thousand people gathered at Raigad for the ceremonies.[8] Shivaji was bestowed with the sacred thread jaanva, with the Vedas and was bathed in an abhisheka. Shivaji then had the title of "shakakarta" conferred upon him.
His mother Jijabai died on 18 June 1674, within a few days of the coronation. This was considered a bad omen. Therefore a second coronation was carried out in September 1674, this time according to the Bengal school of Tantricism and presided over by Nischal Puri.
End of life

Shivaji died in the year 1680 on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. In a span of 50 years he started from a jagir and ended with a vast empire streching from hilly terrains to southern plain. According to James Grant Duff, the first historian of Marathas in modern times, the spirit infused in the minds of people by Shivaji was more valuable than the forts and treasury left behind.

اذا صحت التواريخ المذكورة يكون غير يتيم لكن هناك اختلاف حول تاريخ ميلاده.
مجهول الطفولة.