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Constantine I
(c. 272-337), Roman
Emperor
Constantine the Great (
Latin
:
Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus
;
[3]
c. 27 February 272
[2]
– 22 May 337), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was
Roman Emperor
from 306 to 337. Well known for being the first Roman emperor to
convert
to
Christianity
, Constantine and co-Emperor
Licinius
issued the
Edict of Milan
in 313, which proclaimed
religious tolerance
of all religions throughout the empire.
The foremost general of his time, Constantine defeated the emperors
Maxentius
and
Licinius
during civil wars. He also fought successfully against the
Franks
,
Alamanni
,
Visigoths
, and
Sarmatians
during his reign – even resettling parts of
Dacia
which had been abandoned during the previous century. Constantine built a new imperial residence in place of
Byzantium
, naming it New Rome. However, in Constantine's honour, people called it
Constantinople
, which would later be the capital of the
Eastern Roman Empire
for over one thousand years. Because of this, he is thought of as the founder of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Sources
As the emperor who used Christianity to
empower his government
throughout the
Roman Empire
and moved the capital to the banks of the
Bosporus
, Constantine was a ruler of major historical importance, but he has always
been a controversial figure.
Early life
Flavius Valerius Constantinus, as he was originally named, was born in the city of Naissus,
Moesia
, in present-day
Niš
,
Serbia
, on the
27th of February
of an uncertain year, probably near 272.
His father was
Flavius Constantius
, a native of Moesia (later
Dacia Ripensis
).
(
Constantius I (
Latin
:
Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus
; c. 31 March
250
– 25 July
306
), commonly known as Constantius Chlorus, was
Roman Emperor
from 293 to 306
).
Constantius was a tolerant and politically skilled man. Constantine probably spent little time with his father.
Constantius was an officer in the Roman army in 272, part of the Emperor
Aurelian
's imperial bodyguard. Constantius advanced through the ranks, earning the
governorship
of
Dalmatia
from Emperor
Diocletian
, another of Aurelian's companions from
Illyricum
, in 284 or 285.
Constantine's mother was
Helena
(a Bithynian Greek), It is uncertain whether she was legally married to Constantius or merely his concubine.
(Saint Helena (
Latin
:
Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta
) also known as Saint Helen, Helena Augusta or Helena of Constantinople (
ca
. 246/50 – 18 August 330) was the
consort
of
Emperor
Constantius
, and the mother of Emperor
Constantine I
.
The precise legal nature of the relationship between Helena and
Constantius
is also unknown.
The sources are equivocal on the point, sometimes calling Helena
Constantius
' "wife", and sometimes, following the dismissive propaganda of Constantine's rival
Maxentius
, calling her his "concubine".
Helena gave birth to the future emperor
Constantine I
on 27 February of an uncertain year soon after 270 (probably around 272) At the time, she was in
Naissus
(
Niš
,
Serbia
). In order to obtain a wife more consonant with his rising status,
Constantius divorced Helena some time before 289,
when he married
Theodora
, Maximian's daughter.
(The narrative sources date the marriage to 293, but the
Latin panegyric
of 289 refers to the couple as already married). Helena and her son were dispatched to the court of
Diocletian
at Nicomedia, where Constantine grew to be a member of the inner circle. Helena never remarried and lived for a time in obscurity, though close to her only son, who had a deep regard and affection for her.
Constantine was proclaimed
Augustus
of the
Roman Empire
in 306 by Constantius' troops after the latter had died, and following his elevation his mother was brought back to the public life in 312, returning to the imperial court. She appears in the Eagle Cameo portraying Constantine's family, probably commemorating the birth of Constantine's son Constantine II in the summer of 316.
[20]
She received the title of
Augusta
in 325 and died in 330 with her son at her side
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