هل تولد الحياة من رحم الموت؟؟؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 108

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تاكسن العظيم
يتمه: تم تبنيه من والديه الصينين وهو صغير وتم تعليمه في دير بوذي وهو ابن 7 سنوات.
مجاله: قائد عظيم. ملك في تايلند.

Taksin (Royal Institute: Somdet Phra Chao Taksin Maharat; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้าตากสินมหาราช

listen (help·info) or The King of the Thonburi Kingdom; Thai: สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี, Somdet Phra Chao Krung Thonburi;Chinese: 鄭昭; pinyin: Zhèng Zhāo; Teochew: Dênchao; Vietnamese: Trịnh Quốc Anh) ; (April 17, 1734 – April 7, 1782) was the only King of the Thonburi Kingdom. He is greatly revered by the Thai people for his leadership in liberating Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam after it fell under various warlords. He established the city Thonburi as the new capital, as the city Ayutthaya had been almost completely destroyed by the invaders. His reign was characterized by numerous wars, fought to repel new Burmese invasions and to subjugate the northern Thai kingdom of Lanna, the Laotian principalities, and a threatening Cambodia. He was succeeded by the Chakri dynasty and the Rattanakosin Kingdom under his long time friend King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
Although warfare took up most of King Taksin's time, he paid a great deal of attention to politics, administration, economy, and the welfare of the country. He promoted trade and fostered relations with foreign countries including China, Britain, and the Netherlands. He had roads built and canals dug. Apart from restoring and renovating temples, the king attempted to revive literature, and various branches of the arts such as drama, painting, architecture and handicrafts. He also issued regulations for the collection and arrangement of various texts to promote education and religious studies. In recognition for what he did for the Thais, he was later awarded the title of Maharaj (The Great).
The future ruler was born on April 17, 1734 in Ayutthaya.

His father, Hai-Hong (Thai:ไหฮอง; Chinese: 鄭鏞), who worked as a tax-collector,[2] was a Teochew Chinese immigrant from Chenghai County.[3] His mother, Lady Nok-lang (Thai:นกเอี้ยง), was Thai (and was later awarded the feudal title of Somdet Krom Phra Phithak Thephamat).[4]

Impressed by the boy, Chao Phraya Chakri (Mhud), who was the Samuhanayok (prime minister) in King Boromakot's reign, adopted him and gave him the Thai name Sin (สิน,) meaning money or treasure.[5]

When he was 7, he was assigned to a monk named Tongdee to begin his education in a Buddhist monastery called Wat Kosawat (later Wat Choeng Thar) (Thai:วัดโกษาวาส ต่อมาเปลี่ยนชื่อเป็น วัดเชิงท่า).[6] After seven years of education he was sent by his stepfather to serve as a royal page, he studied Chinese, Annamese, and Indian languages with diligence and soon he was able to converse in them with fluency.[7] When Sin and his friend, Tong-Duang, were Buddhist novices they met a Chinese fortune-teller who told them that they both had lucky lines in the palms of their hands and would both become kings. Neither took it seriously, but Tong-Duang was later the successor of King Taksin, Rama I.[8]
After taking the vows of a Buddhist monk for about 3 years, Sin joined the service of King Ekatat and was first deputy governor and later governor of the Tak,[9] which gained him his name Phraya Tak, the governor of Tak, which was exposed to danger from Burma, though his official noble title was "Phraya Tak".
In 1764, the Burmese army attacked the southern region of Thailand. Led by Muang Maha Noratha, the Burmese army was victorious and marched on to Phetchaburi. Here, the Burmese were confronted by Thai soldiers led by two generals, Kosadhibodhi and Phraya Tak. The Thai army beat the Burmese back to Singkhorn Pass.
In 1765, when the Burmese attacked Ayutthaya, Phraya Tak defended the capital, for which he was given the title "Phraya Vajiraprakarn" of Kamphaeng Phet. But he did not have a chance to govern Kamphaeng Phet because war broke out again. He was immediately called back to Ayutthaya to protect the city. For more than a year, Thai and Burmese soldiers fought fierce battles during the siege of Ayutthaya. It was during this time that Phraya Vajiraprakarn experienced many setbacks which led him to doubt the value of his endeavours.

08-23-2011, 12:26 AM

المشاركة 1072

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تريديت الثالث

يتمه: اغتيل ابوه وقتل وعمره 2 سنه.
مجاله: قائد عظيم من ارمينا

Tiridates III (or Trdat III; Armenian: Տրդատ Գ; 250 – c. 330) was the king of Arsacid Armenia (285-339), and is also known as Tiridates the Great Տրդատ Մեծ; some scholars incorrectly refer to him as Tiridates IV as a result of the fact that Tiridates I of Armenia reigned twice). In 301, Tiridates proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of Armenia, making the Armenian kingdom the first state to officially embrace Christianity.[1] He is recognized as a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Tiridates III was the son of Khosrov II of Armenia, the latter being assassinated in 252[citation needed] by a Parthian agent named Anak under orders from Ardashir I. Anak was captured and executed along with most of his family, while two of his sons one of whom was Saint Gregory the Illuminator were sheltered in Caesaria. Being the only surviving heir to the throne, Tiridates was quickly taken away to Rome soon after his father’s assassination, while still an infant. He was educated in Rome and was well skilled in languages and military tactics;[2][3] in addition, he firmly understood and appreciated Roman law.

08-23-2011, 12:30 AM

المشاركة 1073

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فلدمير الاول والعظيم
يتمه: مات ابوه قبل ولادته
مجاله: قائد عظيم.

Valdemar I of Denmark (14 January 1131 – 12 May 1182), also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182.
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1 He was the son of Canute Lavard, a chivalrous and popular Danish prince, who was the eldest son of Eric I of Denmark. Valdemar's father was murdered by Magnus the Strong days before the birth of Valdemar; his mother, Ingeborg of Kiev, daughter of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, named him after her grandfather, Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev.

As an heir to the throne, and with his rivals quickly gaining power, he was raised in the court of Asser Rig of Fjenneslev, together with Asser's sons, Absalon and Esbern Snare, who would become his trusted friends and ministers.

In 1146, when Valdemar was fifteen years old, King Erik III Lamb abdicated and a civil war erupted. The pretenders to the throne were: Sweyn III Grathe, son of Eric II Emune, son of Eric I. Canute V, son of Magnus the Strong who was the son of King Niels, who was the brother of Erik I. Valdemar himself held Jutland, at least Schleswig, as his possession. The civil war lasted the better part of ten years.
In 1157, the three agreed to part the country in three among themselves. Sweyn hosted a great banquet for Canute, Absalon, and Valdemar during which he planned to dispose of all of them. Canute was killed, but Absalon and Valdemar escaped. Valdemar returned to Jutland. Sweyn quickly launched an invasion, only to be defeated by Valdemar in the Battle of Grathe Heath. He was killed during flight, supposedly by a group of peasants who stumbled upon him as he was fleeing from the battlefield. Valdemar, having outlived all his rival pretenders, became the sole King of Denmark.

08-23-2011, 12:39 AM

المشاركة 1074

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فلدمير سفياتوسلافك العظيم

يتمه: مات ابوه حينما كان ابن 14 سنه
مجاله: قائد عظيم

Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь Old Norse as Valdamarr Sveinaldsson, Russian: Влади́мир, Vladimir, Ukrainian: Володимир, Volodymyr,[2] (c. 958 near Pskov – 15 July 1015, Berestovo) was a Varangian (Viking) grand prince of Kiev.[3][4]
Vladimir's father was the Varangian prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty.[5] After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was then prince of Novgorod, was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and conquered Rus. In Sweden with the help from his relative Ladejarl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, assembled a Varangian army and reconquered Novgorod from Yaropolk.[6] By 980 Vladimir had consolidated the Kievan realm from modern day Ukraine to the Baltic Sea and had solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarian, Baltic, and Eastern nomads. Originally a pagan, Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988,[7][8][9] and proceeded to baptise all of Kievan Rus'.

Vladimir, born in 958, was the natural son and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha. Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was Vladimir's tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga Prekrasa, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns.
Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets in 969, Sviatoslav designated Vladimir ruler of Novgorod the Great but gave Kiev to his legitimate son Yaropolk. After Sviatoslav's death (972), a fratricidal war erupted (976) between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians. In 977 Vladimir fled to his kinsman Haakon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, collecting as many of the Norse warriors as he could to assist him to recover Novgorod, and on his return the next year marched against Yaropolk.
On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse: Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse: Ragnhild). The high-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a bondswoman, but Vladimir attacked Polotsk, slew Rogvolod, and took Ragnhild by force. Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and the capture of Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev (980), where he slew Yaropolk by treachery, and was proclaimed konung, or khagan, of all Kievan Rus.[11]

08-23-2011, 09:49 AM

المشاركة 1075

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جستينيان الأول

يتمه: تم تبنيه عند ولادته من قبل عمه ولا يعرف عن والديه المزارعين شيئا.
مجاله : امبراطور عظيم.

(فلافبوس بتروس ساباتيوس يوستيانوس) (483 - 565) كان إمبراطوراً رومانياً شرقياً (بيزنطياً) حكم منذ أغسطس عام 527 حتى وفاته في نوفمبر 565. يشتهر بإصلاحه الرمز القانوني المسمى قانون جستينيان خلال لجنة تريبونيان، والتوسع العسكري للأرض الإمبراطورية أثناء عهده، وزواجه وشراكته مع الإمبراطورة ثيودورا. يعرف أيضاً باسم "الإمبراطور الروماني الأخير". يعتبر قديساً في الكنيسة الأرثذوكسية، ويحيى في الرابع عشر من نوفمبر. وقد تولي الحكم بعد وفاة عمه الامبراطور جستن الأول.

ولد الإمبراطور الإمبراطور جستنيان في عام 482 من أبوين مزارعين من أصل إليرى -أو لعله صقلبي - يقيمان بالقرب من سرديكا Sardica وهي مدينة صوفيا الحالية. وجاء به عمه جستين الى القسطنطينية ورباه تربية صالحة. ولما أصبح جستنيان ضابطاً في الجيش ولبث تسع سنين ياوراً ومساعداً لجستين ، أظهر في عمله براعة عظيمة. ولما مات عمه 527 خلفه على عرش الإمبراطورية، وكان وقتئذ في الخامسة والأربعين من عمره، متوسط القامة والبنية، حليق الذقن، متورد الوجه، متجعد الشعر، رقيق الحاشية، تعلو ثغره ابتسامة تكفي لأن تخفي وراءها ما لا يحصى من الأغراض ، وكان متقشفاً في طعامه وشرابه تقشف الزهاد، لا يأكل إلا قليلا، ويعيش معظم أيامه على الخضر. وكثراً ما كان يصوم حتى تكاد تخور قواه. وكان في أثناء صيامه لا ينقطع عما اعتاده من الاستيقاظ مبكراً، وتصريف شئون الدولة "من مطلع الفجر إلى الظهيرة، وإلى غسق الليل"، وكثيراً ما كان يظن أعوانه أنه قد آوى إلى مضجعه، بينما كان هو منهكماً في الدرس ، يبذل جهده ليكون موسيقياً ومهندساً ومعمارياً ، وشاعراً ومشترعاً ، وفقيهاً في الدين وفيلسوف ، وإمبراطوراً يجيد تصريف شئون الإمبراطورية. ولكنه رغم هذا كله لم يتخل عن خرافات عصره. وكان ذا عقل نشيط على الدوام، عظيم الإلمام بالشؤون الكبرى والتفاصيل الصغرى. ولم يكن قوي الجسم أو شجاعاً، وقد حدثته نفسه بالتخلي عن الملك في أثناء المتاعب التي قامت في بداية حكمه ولم ينزل قط إلى الميدان في حروبه الكثيرة

Justinian was born in Tauresium in the Roman province of Dardania (the precise location of this site is disputed, e.g. the possible locations include Justiniana Prima near the modern town of Lebane in southern Serbia and Taor near Skopje, Republic of Macedonia), in AD 483.[6] His Latin-speaking peasant family is believed to have been of Thraco-Roman or Illyro-Roman origins.[7][8][9]
The cognomen Iustinianus which he took later is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin.[10] During his reign, he founded Justiniana Prima not far from his birthplace, today in South East Serbia.[11][12][13] His mother was Vigilantia, the sister of Justin. Justin, who was in the imperial guard (the Excubitors) before he became emperor,[14] adopted Justinian, brought him to Constantinople, and ensured the boy's education.[14] As a result, Justinian was well educated in jurisprudence, theology and Roman history.[14] Justinian served for some time with the Excubitors but the details of his early career are unknown.[14] Chronicler John Malalas, who lived during the reign of Justinian, tells of his appearance that he was short, fair skinned, curly haired, round faced and handsome. Another contemporary chronicler, Procopius, compares Justinian's appearance to that of tyrannical Emperor Domitian, although this is probably slander.[15]
When Emperor Anastasius died in 518, Justin was proclaimed the new Emperor, with significant help from Justinian.[14] During Justin's reign (518–527), Justinian was the Emperor's close confidant

08-23-2011, 09:52 AM

المشاركة 1076

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البابا ليو الثالث عشر

يتمه: ماتت امه وعمره 14 سنه.
مجاله: بابا الافاتيكان.

من البابا وهو فينشنزو بيتشي “ Vincenzo pecci ” في إيطاليا 2 أذار 1810 ، وانتخب بابا في 20 شباط 1887 وتوفي سنة 1903 عن 93 عاماً. برزت شخصيته إثر انتخابه، خلفاً لبيوس التاسع، فأطلّ على العالم بوجهٍ يتمتّع بذكاءٍ حاد. و بروح فطن في تصوّر المشاريع الكبرى. فكانت له صفة القيادة ووضوح الرؤيا وامتلاك الذّات، وإدراك معنى الممكن في تعامله مع الواقع ومع الأشخاص.
توفي البابا بعد ترأسه الكنيسة الكاثوليكيّة لمدّة ربع قرن، أعطى فيها الكرسيّ الرّسوليّ هالة عالميّة، وأكسبها "قوّة سياسيّة ومعنويّة كبيرة تفوق السّلطة الزّمنيّة، الّتي كانت قد فقدتها". فشكّلت حبريّته منعطفاًهامّاً في تاريخ الكنيسة.

Pope Leo XIII
(2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and successor John Paul II.
He is known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking. He impacted Roman Catholic Mariology and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. He issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, approved two new Marian scapulars and was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix
Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Ludovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzzi. From 1810 to 1818 he was at home with his family, "in which religion counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earned for all eternity". Together with his brother he studied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo, where he stayed until 1824. He enjoyed the Latin language and was known to write his own Latin poems at the age of eleven.
In 1824 he and his older brother Giuseppe Pecci were called to Rome where their mother was dying. Count Pecci wanted his children near him after the loss of his wife, and so they stayed with him in Rome, attending the Jesuit Collegium Romanum. In 1828, Giuseppe entered the Jesuit order, while Vincenzo decided in favour of secular clergy

08-23-2011, 10:01 AM

المشاركة 1077

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لليولين العظيم
يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره عام واحد
مجاله: قائد عظيم

Llywelyn the Great (Welsh: Llywelyn Fawr, Welsh: [ɬəˈwɛlɨn]), full name Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, (c. 1172 – 11 April 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales. He is occasionally called Llywelyn I of Wales.[1] By a combination of war and diplomacy he dominated Wales for forty years.
Llywelyn had a hunting lodge in the uplands at Trefriw.[2]
During Llywelyn's boyhood, Gwynedd was ruled by two of his uncles, who split the kingdom between them, following the death of Llywelyn's grandfather, Owain Gwynedd, in 1170. Llywelyn had a strong claim to be the legitimate ruler and began a campaign to win power at an early age. He was sole ruler of Gwynedd by 1200, and made a treaty with King John of England that year. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's natural daughter Joan, in 1205, and when John arrested Gwenwynwyn ab Owain of Powys in 1208, Llywelyn took the opportunity to annex southern Powys. In 1210, relations deteriorated and John invaded Gwynedd in 1211. Llywelyn was forced to seek terms and to give up all lands east of the River Conwy but was able to recover them the following year in alliance with the other Welsh princes. He allied himself with the barons who forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. By 1216, he was the dominant power in Wales, holding a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the other princes.
Following King John's death, Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor, Henry III, in 1218. During the next fifteen years, Llywelyn was frequently involved in fights with Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several major powers in the Marches. The Peace of Middle in 1234 marked the end of Llywelyn's military career as the agreed truce of two years was extended year by year for the remainder of his reign. He maintained his position in Wales until his death in 1240, and was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn.

Llywelyn was born about 1173, the son of Iorwerth ap Owain(Iorwerth ab Owain Gwynedd (or Iorwerth Drwyndwn) (1145–1174), meaning "the broken-nosed", was the eldest legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd (the king of Gwynedd) and his first wife Gwladys (Gladys) ferch Llywarch) and the grandson of Owain Gwynedd, who had been ruler of Gwynedd until his death in 1170. Llywelyn was a descendant of the senior line of Rhodri Mawr and therefore a member of the princely house of Gwynedd.[3] He was probably born at Dolwyddelan though not in the present Dolwyddelan castle, which was built by Llywelyn himself. He may have been born in the old castle which occupied a rocky knoll on the valley floor.[4] Little is known about his father, Iorwerth Drwyndwn, who died when Llywelyn was an infant. There is no record of Iorwerth having taken part in the power struggle between some of Owain Gwynedd's other sons following Owain's death, although he was the eldest surviving son. There is a tradition that he was disabled or disfigured in some way that excluded him from power.[5]
By 1175, Gwynedd had been divided between two of Llywelyn's uncles. Dafydd ab Owain held the area east of the River Conwy and Rhodri ab Owain held the west. Dafydd and Rhodri were the sons of Owain by his second marriage to Cristin ferch Goronwy ab Owain. This marriage was not considered valid by the church as Cristin was Owain's first cousin, a degree of relationship which according to Canon law prohibited marriage. Giraldus Cambrensis refers to Iorwerth Drwyndwn as the only legitimate son of Owain Gwynedd.[6] Following Iorwerth's death, Llywelyn was, at least in the eyes of the church, the legitimate claimant to the throne of Gwynedd.[7]
Llywelyn's mother was Marared, occasionally anglicised to Margaret, daughter of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys. There is evidence that, after her first husband's death, Marared married in the summer of 1197, Gwion, the nephew of Roger Powys of Whittington Castle. She seems to have pre-deceased her husband, after bearing him a son, David ap Gwion, and therefore there can be no truth in the story that she married into the Corbet family of Caus Castle (near Westbury, Shropshire) and later, Moreton Corbet Castle.[

08-23-2011, 10:05 AM

المشاركة 1078

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نجاوانج لبسانج جاتوس

يتمه: سجن ابوه وعمره عام واحد ثم مات دون ان يراه وعمره 9 سنوات

مجاله: راهب بوذي يدعى الداليلاما وكان الخامس.

ولد عام 1617 في التبت

5th Dalai Lama

Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–1682), was a political and religious leader in seventeenth-century Tibet. Ngawang Lozang Gyatso was the ordination name he had received from Panchen Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen who was responsible for his ordination.[1] He was the first Dalai Lama to wield effective political power over central Tibet, and is frequently referred to as the "Great Fifth Dalai Lama".
Lobsang Gyatso (birthname: Künga Nyingpo) was born in 1617 in Tsang to a family with traditional ties to the Sakya and Nyingma orders.[2] His famous noble Zahor family had held their seat since the 14th century at Tagtse castle, the former stronghold of the Tibetan kings. His father, Dudul Rabten, was arrested in 1618 for being involved in a plot against the royal government of the king of Tsang at almost the same time the Gelug had secretly chosen his son as the reincarnation of Yonten Gyatso, the 4th Dalai Lama. According to the 14th Dalai Lama it was Sonam Choephel, the chief attendant of the Fourth Dalai Lama, who discovered the incarnation. Dudul Rabten escaped and tried to reach eastern Tibet but was rearrested and never saw his son again before he died in 1626 at Samdruptse, the king of Tsang's castle in Shigatse. Lobsang Gyatso's family were all ordered to live at the court at Samdruptse, but his mother, fearing the king, returned with her son to her family's home, Narkatse castle, in Yardrog.[4]

08-23-2011, 10:07 AM

المشاركة 1079

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لويس الاول
هنجاريا
يتمه: مات ابوه وعمره 16 سنه
مجاله: قائد عظيم

Louis I of Hungary

Louis the Great (Hungarian:
(5 March 1326, Visegrád – 10 September 1382, Nagyszombat/Trnava) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370 until his death.[1][2] (See Titles section)
Louis was the head of the senior branch of the Angevin dynasty. He was one of the most active and accomplished monarchs of the Late Middle Ages, extending territorial control to the Adriatic and securing Dalmatia, with part of Bosnia and Bulgaria, within the Holy Crown of Hungary. During his reign Hungary reached the peak of its political influence.[3]
He spent much of his reign in wars with the Republic of Venice. He was in competition for the throne of Naples, with huge military success and the latter with little lasting political results. Louis is the first European monarch who came into collision with the Ottoman Turks.
He founded the University of Pécs in 1367, the letter patent issued by pope Urban V
Louis was the third son of Charles I of Hungary and Elisabeth of Poland, the daughter of Ladislaus the Short and sister to Casimir III of Poland.
He had four brothers and two sisters:

· Charles (1321 died after a month),

· Ladislaus (Belgrade, 1 November 1324 – 24 February 1329)

· Andrew, Duke of Calabria (Visegrád 1327–1345 Naples),

· Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (1332–1354).

· Katherine of Hungary (d. 1355)

· Elisabeth of Hungary (d.1367)

In 1342, Louis married his first wife, Margaret (1335 – 1349), underaged daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, who died while still a minor. He then married his second wife, Elisabeth, daughter of Stephen II of Bosnia, who became Louis's vassal, and Elisabeth of Kuyavia, in 1353 . Her maternal grandfather was Polish Casimir II of Kuyavia, son of Ziemomysł of Kuyavia and Salome of Eastern Pomerania.
Louis had three known daughters, all born of his second wife:

· Catherine (1370 – 1378)

· Mary, his successor in Hungary, who married Sigismund, at that time Margrave of Brandenburg (1371 – 1395), who became King of Hungary (1387–1437) and Holy Roman Emperor (1433–1437).

· Hedwige his successor in Poland, who married Jogaila, then Grand Duke of Lithuania

Biography

Louis, named for his great uncle, Saint Louis of Toulouse. Louis acquired the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, astronomy). When he was sixteen, Louis understood Latin, German and Italian as well as his mother tongue. He owed his excellent education to the care of his mother, a woman of profound political sagacity, who was his chief counsellor in diplomatic affairs during the greater part of his long reign.
In 1342, at the age of sixteen, he succeeded his father as king of Hungary and was crowned at Székesfehérvár on the 21st of July with great enthusiasm. Louis led his armies many times in person. Besides his best known campaigns, he fought in Bulgaria, Bosnia, Wallachia Serbia, Lithuania and against the Golden Horde. The first Ottoman Hungarian clash occurred during his reign.
He led assaults personally and climbed city walls together with his soldiers. He shared the privations and hardships of camp life with his soldiers. Although a few legends were woven around his name, one incident casts light on his courage. When one of his soldiers who had been ordered to explore a ford was carried away by the current, the King plunged into the torrent without hesitation and saved the man from drowning. Louis liked warfare - he came close to losing his life in several battles -, tournaments and hunts. Similarly to his mother he was deeply religious. As an excellent commander and a gallant fighter, Louis resembled his exemplar, King Saint Ladislaus.
Under his reign lived the most famous epic hero of Hungarian literature and warfare, the king's Champion: Nicolas Toldi. John de Cardailhac, patriarch of Alexandria and envoy of the Vatican,(who visited the utmost European countries and monarchs) wrote: "I call God as my witness that I have never seen a monarch more majestic and more powerful... or one who desires peace and calm as much as he."