Proposes a scientific theory to account for the historically eminent individual or genius by relating his/her development to loss of parents. A parent loss profile is described that rigorously defines orphanhood, and a study of 699 eminent persons that makes use of this profile is reported. Early orphanhood was characteristic of this eminent group. Comparisons with previous work were attempted despite obvious methodological problems. Theoretical considerations indicating the effects of bereavement and orphanhood are offered to explain the relationship between achievement and parental loss as well as that between the genius and the disturbed psychotic. (75 ref)
Parental loss and genius

Abstract
Proposes a scientific theory to account for the historically eminent individual or genius by relating his/her development to loss of parents. A parent loss profile is described that rigorously defines orphanhood, and a study of 699 eminent persons that makes use of this profile is reported. Early orphanhood was characteristic of this eminent group. Comparisons with previous work were attempted despite obvious methodological problems. Theoretical considerations indicating the effects of bereavement and orphan hood are offered to explain the relationship between achievement and parental loss as well as that between the genius and the disturbed psychotic. (75 ref)

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يتبع،،
========================
تذكر دائما "الايتام مشاريع العظماء ....وهم بحاجة لدعمك ورعايتك واهتمامك ولتتذكر ان اهم استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم".

يمكنك مشاهدة ودعوة اصدقائك لمشاهدة ما اقوله عن العلاقة بين اليتم والعبقرية حسب نظريتي في تفسير الطاقة الابداعية على الرابط التالي:

http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHE03RH2wntdVG1beTS4YYg

هاريت ستو ..مؤلفة رائعة كوخ العم توم ..يتيمة الام في سن الخامسة.
ملاحظة : للاسف النسخة العربية لا تذكر تفاصيل عن طفولتها وكما هي الاعادة وهو ما يؤكد اهمية اعادة النظر في ترجمة السير الذاتية لكل الكتاب.

هارييت بيتشر ستو (بالإنجليزية: Harriet Stowe) روائية أمريكية (14 يونيو 1811 - 1 يوليو 1896) وكما عملت ناشطة في التحرير من العبودية.
في عام 1852 نشرت رواية كوخ العم توم، مصورة من خلالها معاناة العبد الأسود في الولايات المتحدة، وموضحة لاإنسانية الرق والعبودية، وقد كانت هذه الرواية الكتاب الأكثر مبيعاً في القرن التاسع عشر، بعد الكتاب المقدس. ولها أيضاً oldtown folks عام 1869 وThe ministers wooing عام 1859.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (/stoʊ/; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and author. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) was a depiction of life for African Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. She wrote more than 20 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and her public stands on social issues of the day.

life and work]
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811.[1] She was the seventh of 13 children,[2] born to outspoken religious leader Lyman Beecher and Roxana (Foote), a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old

يتبع،،
========================
تذكر دائما "الايتام مشاريع العظماء ....وهم بحاجة لدعمك ورعايتك واهتمامك ولتتذكر ان اهم استثمار يمكن ان يقوم به الانسان هو الاستثمار في عقل يتيم".

يمكنك مشاهدة ودعوة اصدقائك لمشاهدة ما اقوله عن العلاقة بين اليتم والعبقرية حسب نظريتي في تفسير الطاقة الابداعية على الرابط التالي:

http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHE03RH2wntdVG1beTS4YYg

Parental loss and genius

Eisenstadt, J. Marvin

Proposes a scientific theory to account for the historically eminent individual or genius by relating his/her development to loss of parents. A parent loss profile is described that rigorously defines orphanhood, and a study of 699 eminent persons that makes use of this profile is reported. Early orphanhood was characteristic of this eminent group. Comparisons with previous work were attempted despite obvious methodological problems. Theoretical considerations indicating the effects of bereavement and orphanhood are offered to explain the relationship between achievement and parental loss as well as that between the genius and the disturbed psychotic. (75 ref)
Parental loss and genius

العلاقة بين فقدان الأبوين والعبقرية
بقلم د. جي مارفن ايسنستادت
مجلة علماء النفس الأمريكيين عدد 33 بتاريخ الاول من شهر مارس 1978.

هذه الدراسة تطرح نظرية علمية تربط بين حياة العباقرة المعروفين وتجربتهم في فقدان الوالدين أو احدهما .
والمقصود بفقدان الوالدين (اليتم ) حيث تقوم الدراسة على تعريف اليتم ثم تقوم على دراسة 699 شخص من العباقرة.
وقد أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن اليتم المبكر كان صفه مشتركة لدى أفراد هذه العينة الـ 699. وقد حاول الدارس تقديم مقارنة بين نتائج هذه الدراسة مع دراسات أخرى سابقة على الرغم من المشاكل الواضحة في المنهجية المستخدمة في البحث.
وتقدم الدراسة اعتبارات وطروحات نظرية تظهر اثر الفقد اليتم والحرمان في خلق العبقرية وذلك بهدف شرح العلاقة بين العبقرية وفقدان الوالدين وكذلك العلاقة بين العبقرية والاضطراب الذهني النفسي .

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ignazio Silone (Italian: [iɲˈɲattsjo siˈlone]; 1 May 1900 – 22 August 1978) was the pseudonym of Secondino Tranquilli, an Italian author and politician.
Early life and career>

His father had died in 1911. Silone joined the Young Socialists group of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), rising to be their leader.

He was a founding member of the breakaway Italian Communist Party (PCI) in 1921, and became one of its covert leaders during the Fascist regime. Ignazio's brother Romolo Tranquilli was arrested in 1928 for being a member of the PCI, and he died in prison in 1931 as a result of the severe beatings he received.

ولد في عام 1900 في بلدة بسينا Pescina in the Abruzzo region في مقاطعة ابروزو وفقد العديد من افراد اسرته بما في ذلك والدته والتي توفيت في عام 1915 اي وهو في سن الخامسة عشرة بسبب الزلزال الذي وقع في منطقة افيزانو . وكان والده قد مات في عام 1911 اي وهو في سن الحادية عشرة . وقد انضم للحزب الاشتراكي الايطالي واصبح زعيما له. وكان احد اعضاء الحزب الشيوعي الذي انشق عن الحزب الاشتراكي في العام 1921 واصبح احد زعماؤه خلال الحكم الفاشي. مات اخوه في السجن كنتيجة للتعذي عام 1931.

Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity.
Simonton, Dean Keith
New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press. (1999). x 308 pp.

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Ding Ling
Ding Ling (Chinese: 丁玲; pinyin: Dīng Líng) was the pseudonym of Jiang Bingzhi (simplified Chinese: 蒋冰之; traditional Chinese: 蔣冰之; pinyin: Jiǎng Bīngzhī), also known as Bin Zhi (彬芷 Bīn Zhǐ) (October 12, 1904 – March 4, 1986), a Chinese author from Linli (临澧) in Hunan province.[1] She was awarded the Soviet Union's Stalin second prize for Literature in 1.3 Later yearse]

Early life]
Ding Ling was born into a gentry family in Hunan province. Her father's health was poor, and he died when Ding was three. Ding Ling's mother, who raised her children alone while becoming an educator, was Ding's role model, and she would later write an unfinished novel, titled Mother, which described her mother's experiences. Following her mother's example, Ding Ling became an activist at an early age.[2] Ding Ling fled to Shanghai in 1920 in repudiation of traditional Chinese family practices by refusing to marry her cousin who had been chosen to become her husband. She rejected the commonly accepted view that parents as the source of the child's body are its owners, and she ardently asserted that she owned and controlled her own body.
Ding Ling was influenced by the radical teachers at the People's Girls School, and by her association with modern artists like Shen Congwen and the left-wing poet Hu Yepin, who she married in 1925. She began publishing stories around this time, most famously Miss Sophia's Diary (莎菲女士的日記, Shāfēi Nüshì de Rìjì), published in 1927, in which a young woman describes her unhappiness with her life and confused romantic and sexual feelings. In 1931 Hu Yeping was executed in jail by Guomindang authorities for his association with Communists. In March 1932 she joined the Chinese Communist Party, and almost all of her fiction after this time was in support of its goals.[3] She was active in the League of Left-Wing Writers.
Political persecution[edit source]
Active in the Communist revolutionary cause, she was placed under house arrest in Shanghai by the Guomindang for a three-year period from 1933 to 1936. She escaped, and made her way to the Communist base of Yan'an. There she became one of the most influential figures in Yan'an cultural circles, serving as director of the Chinese Literature and Arts Association and editing a newspaper literary supplement.
Ding Ling struggled with the idea that revolutionary needs, defined by the party, should come before art. She objected to the gender standards at work in Yan'an. In 1942 she wrote an article in a party newspaper questioning the party's commitment to change popular attitudes towards women. She satirized male double standards concerning women, saying they were ridiculed if they focused on household duties, but also became the target of gossip and rumors if they remained unmarried and worked in the public sphere. She also criticized male cadres use of divorce provisions to rid themselves of unwanted wives. Her article was condemned by Mao Zedong and the party leadership, and she was forced to retract her views and undergo a public self-confession.
Her main work in these years was the novel The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River, which she completed in 1948. It followed the complex results of land reform on a rural village. It was awarded the Stalin prize for Literature in 1951, and is considered one of the best examples of socialist-realist fiction. It did not, however, address gender issues.
Always a political activist, in 1957 she was denounced as a "rightist", purged from the party, and her fiction and essays were banned. She spent five years in jail during the Cultural Revolution and was sentenced to do manual labor on a farm for twelve years before being "rehabilitated" in 1978.
In her introduction to Miss Sophie's Diary And Other Stories, Ding Ling explains her indebtedness to the writers of other cultures:
I can say that if I have not been influenced by Western literature I would probably not have been able to write fiction, or at any rate not the kind of fiction in this collection. It is obvious that my earliest stories followed the path of Western realism... A little later, as the Chinese revolution developed, my fiction changed with the needs of the age and of the Chinese people... Literature ought to join minds together... turning ignorance into mutual understanding. Time, place and institutions cannot separate it from the friends it wins... And in 1957, a time of spiritual suffering for me, I found consolation in reading much Latin American and African literature.
Later years[edit source]
A few years before her death, she was allowed to travel to the United States where she was a guest at the University of Iowa's International Writing Program. She died in Beijing in 1986.
She authored more than three hundred works. After her "rehabilitation" many of her previously banned books such as her novel The Sun Shines Over The Sanggan River were republished and translated into numerous languages. Some of her short works, spanning a fifty-year period, are collected in I Myself Am A Woman: Selected Writings Of Ding Ling.

Collections[edit source]
Zai hei’an zhong [In the Darkness]. 1928.
Zisha riji [Diary of a Suicide]. 1928.
Yige nüren [A Woman]. 1928.
Shujia zhong [During the Summer Holidays]. 1928.
Awei guniang [The Girl Awei]. 1928.
Shui [Water]. 1930.
Yehui [Night Meeting]. 1930.
Zai yiyuan zhong [In the Hospital]. 1941.
Ding Ling wenji [Works of Ding Ling], Hunan Renmin Chubanshe. 6 vols. 1982.
Ding Ling xuanji [Selected Works of Ding Ling], Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe. 3 vols. 1984.

Fiction
Meng Ke. 1927.
Shafei nüshi riji. February 1928, Xiaoshuo yuebao (short story magazine); as Miss Sophia's Diary, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981.
Weihu. 1930.
Muqin. 1930; as Mother, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989.
1930 Chun Shanghai. 1930; as Shanghai, Spring, 1930, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989.
Zai yiyuan zhong. 1941; as In the Hospital, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981.
Wo zai Xia cun de shihou. 1941; as When I Was in Xia Village, translated by Gary Bjorge, 1981.
Taiyang zhao zai sanggan he shang. Guanghua shudian. September 1948; as The Sun Shines Over Sanggan River, translated by Gladys Yang and Yang Xianyi, Panda Books, 1984.
Du Wanxiang. 1978; as Du Wanxiang, translated by Tani Barlow, 1989.

OMEGA--Journal of Death and Dying
Volume 17, Number 3 / 1986-87

219 - 228

Linking Options

Patricia Ann Murphy A1
A1 Villanova University
Abstract:
This descriptive, correlational study was undertaken to determine the relationship between self-esteem and reported mourning behavior as it pertains to loneliness in young adults who, as children, had experienced parental death. A sample of 184 males and females between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five years completed the four questionnaires that were the research instruments.
Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients.
Analysis of the data revealed that self-esteem was the single best predictor of loneliness and that reported mourning behaviors significantly added to the prediction of variance in loneliness.

وهذه ترجمة ملخص دراسة بعنوان : موت الوالدين في الطفولة والشعور بالوحدة لدى فئة الشباب.
معد الدراسة : باتريشيا ان مورفي. ..جامعة فيلانوفا .
ملخص الدراسة:
هذه الدراسة الوصفية والتي تبحث في الارتباطات أجريت لاستكشاف العلاقة بين احترام الذات self esteem وتجربة الفقد وبالتالي المرور في الحداد وعلاقة ذلك بالشعور بالوحدة لدى فئة الشباب والذين اختبروا وهم أطفال موت احد الوالدين.

وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على عينة من 184 شخص ذكور وإناث قاموا على تعبئة الاستبيانات الأربعة التي خصصت للدراسة، وأعمارهم ما بين الثامنة عشرة والخامسة العشرين.
ثم قامت الدارسة على تحليل البيانات باستخدام ..hierarchical multiple regression and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients.


وقد اظهر تحلل البيانات أن احترام الذات كان واحد من أهم العوامل التي تشير أو تتنبأ بمدى الشعور بالوحدة ، وان السلوك المرتبط بحالة الحزن والحداد تساهم بشكل كبير في توقع مدى الشعور بالوحدة اللاحق.
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