19- السلم المتحرك جورج هوبلز وجيمس رينو أمريكيان 1892م
- جيمس رينو يتيم الاب في عامه الاول

Jesse Wilford Reno (August 4, 1861 – June 2, 1947) invented the first working escalator in 1891 (patented March 15, 1892) used at the Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, New York City. His invention was referred to as the "inclined elevator." An earlier escalator machine, termed "revolving stairs" by its inventor Nathan Ames, was patented March 9, 1859, but was never built.

Reno was born in 1861 in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was the son of American Civil War notable Jesse L. Reno. He graduated from Lehigh University in 1883 with an engineering degree in mining, later a metallurgical degree, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.[1]

Born: 4-Aug-1861

Gender: Male

Nationality: United States

Inventor Jesse W. Reno built the first working escalator, introduced as an amusement park ride at New York's Coney Island in 1896. The attraction ran for just two weeks at the island's Old Iron Pier, but in that time and in a subsequent demonstration on the Manhattan side of the Brooklyn Bridge, more than 75,000 passengers rode its 25% incline rising seven feet off the ground. An earlier, steam-powered escalator had been designed but never built by Nathan Ames in 1859.

Reno built functioning escalators for several American subway systems, and designed a spiral escalator which was installed in the London tube, before selling the patent for his "Reno Inclined Elevator" to Otis Elevator. He also invented a submersible vehicle for salvaging shipwrecks and an early aircraft carrier (a floating airfield driven by propeller), and designed an electric rail system that operated in Americus, Georgia. His father, Jesse Lee Reno, commanded the 9th Corps of the US Army during the American Civil War, and is the namesake of Reno, Nevada.

Father: Jesse L. Reno (US military officer, b. 20-Apr-1823, d. 14-Sep-1862 Civil War)

- لكن واضح ان هناك بعض الامور التي ربما دفعته للابداع مثل
- تعلم في المنزل ولم تقبله الجامعة
- يبدو ان امه واباه عاشا منفصلين واحد في ايطاليا وامه في لندن حيث لحق بها في سن الحادية والعشرين ليعلن عن اختراعه هناك.
- كادت امه ان تموت ليلة مولده.
- لم يكن ابن الأب الإيطالي مالك العقارات والأم الأيرلندية عالما تقليديا إذ لم يحصل على تعليم تقليدي وإنما تعلم داخل المنزل.
-عندما كان عمره 12 سنة فشل في امتحان قبول للأكاديمية البحرية الإيطالية.
- في سن السادسة عشر فشل في امتحان قبول لجامعة بولونيا في إيطاليا.
- بالإضافة لذلك فقد كان يقدم واجباته المنزلية غير كاملة أو خاطئة.
- ظروفه تجعله يتيم اجتماعي.
==
قبل مائة عام اوضح مخترع إيطالي شاب الإمكانيات الضخمة للتلغراف اللاسلكي. وفي 18 يناير (كانون الثاني) 1903 أرسل جوجليلمو ماركوني أول رسالة لاسلكية ثنائية الاتجاه عبر المحيط الأطلسي. وحقق الاتصال التاريخي بين الرئيس الأميركي ثيودور روزفلت وملك بريطانيا إدوارد السابع جسرا لمسافة ثلاثة آلاف ميل فورا، بين كيب كود في ولاية ماساشوسيتس إلى محطة بولدو في كورنويل في بريطانيا.

وكان التلغراف الكهربائي موجودا منذ الثلاثينات من القرن التاسع عشر، ثم قام ألكسندر جراهام بيل باختراع الهاتف في 1876. ولكن التلغراف اعتمد على الأسلاك لتوصيل الإشارات الكهربائية، ومتى ما كان هناك حاجز مائي ضخم تطلب اجتيازه كوابل تحت الماء وتكلفة ضخمة.

He spent the first three years of his life near Bologne, then three years in England, after which the family went to live in Livorno, Italy.
From the time he was a small boy he was extraordinarily interested in physics. In Livorno he attended the first national Technical Institute. In 1892 his mother arranged for him to study physics under the supervision of a professor. Spurred on by the work of Benjamin Franklin, in about 1892 he designed and installed on his house a rooftop mechanism that set off a bell whenever there was an electrical storm nearby. This was the first example of the aerial-to-earth system that later became essential to radio-telegraphy.
After moving to Bologne he often visited the University physics laboratory and attended lectures, reinforcing his urge to experiment. At twenty, while on a summer holiday, he read a detailed description of Hertz’s experiments, inspiring his greatest work. He continued to improve upon others’ earlier designs of tubes between 1894 and 1895. His work was so original that on 7/07/1897 he was issued an Italian patent for "improvements in the transmission of impulses and of the relative apparatus." Marconi applied for patents in all the principal nations of the world.
Eager to develop and apply his work on a large scale, Marconi went to England, accompanied by his mother. Sir William Peece, Chief Engineer of the Post Office, made enthusiastic mention of Marconi’s experiments in a postal conference on 12/11/1896, thus clearing the way for experiments in Post Office laboratories. The first aerial transmissions were done between the Post Office building and the Savings Bank, a distance of some hundreds of meters. Soon after, the first demonstration of overseas radio transmission took place. This opened up the possibility of regular communications between land and sea.
Around 1897 Marconi had to enter military service. He arranged for a transfer to the navy, so he could be attached as a Marine to the Embassy to continue his work. Marconi was invited to go to Italy and repeat his experiments in the Gulf of Spezia, where he successfully transmitted across 18 kilometers between a ship and the island of Palmaria. He also gave demonstrations for the King and Queen and leading political men.
Marconi returned to London, where he formed the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company on 7/20/1897 to capitalize on all Marconi’s patents (except those ceded to the Italian government for military use). This powerful organization changed its name to Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company in 1900 to more precisely credit the origin of the invention.
==

Biography of Gugli[justify] [/justify][justify][/justify]

elmo Marconi
Marconi, Guglielmo (1874-1937). He was the originator of wireless telegraph signals and created means of overcoming many of the hurdles to the commercialization of wireless. He was the first to transmit signals across the ocean without use of cables. Marconi was born in the Italian countryside in somewhat modest circumstances. He had little formal education, though his mother tutored him, and he loved to read from his fathers library about experiments with electricity. Marconi audited courses at the University of Bologna, since he could not gain admittance to the university for credit, and studied under Augusto Righi, a scientist who had worked with electromagnetic waves.

Guglielmo Marconi

Born: 25-Apr-1874
Birthplace: Palazzo Marescalchi, Bologna, Italy
Died: 20-Jul-1937
Location of death: Rome, Italy

Cause of death: Heart Failure

Remains: Buried, Villa Falcone, Sasso Marconi, Italy

Italian physicist Guglielmo Marconi began his experiments when he was barely 20, building on Heinrich Hertz's discovery of radio waves (then called Hertzian waves) in 1888. He was rejected for admission to the University of Bologna, but was mentored by Professor Augusto Righi, a pioneer in electromagnetic waves at Bologna who allowed Marconi to audit classes and access the university's library. In 1895 Marconi transmitted recognizable electronic signals from his family home in Pontecchio to a vertical raised antenna more than a mile away.

Though it seems astounding in retrospect, Italian government officials were uninterested and unwilling to fund his work. Instead Marconi came to England, where his demonstration was greeted enthusiastically by Sir William Peece, Chief Engineer of the Post Office. With funding from Peece, Marconi received a patent for wireless telegraphy in 1896, and the next year he formed the Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company Limited (now Marconi Company Ltd.).

By 1899 his company was providing wireless service between Britain and France, broadcasting across the English Channel. In 1900 he invented a system of tuned multiplex telegraphy, allowing multiple broadcasts to be sent on distinct frequencies — technology which later became the foundation of 20th century broadcasting. In 1901 he sent signals across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe to Canada and back, proving that radio waves followed the curvature of the earth and establishing that trans-oceanic transmissions were feasible. Though Marconi did not mention it, a key component in his receiving equipment seems to have been appropriated from the work of Indian scientist J. C. Bose.

Marconi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909, sharing the honor with Ferdinand Braun, whose technical improvements greatly increased the range and effectiveness of Marconi's early transmitters. As radio transmission of telegraph messages and, later, spoken words became more common and popular, Marconi's several international companies made him a very wealthy man, but more and more of his time was consumed in legal battles, defending his patents against Lee De Forest and John Ambrose Fleming, among others. In 1919 US Navy officers expressed concerned that an Italian conglomerate was gaining a near-monopoly on worldwide communications, and offered General Electric a lucrative, legal monopoly on long-distance radio communication if it would form a new radio company and buy the assets of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America. This proposal led to formation of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and drove Marconi out of the American market.

Though his genius and contribution to the development of radio are inarguable, it is a misnomer to label Marconi "the inventor of radio". In 1866, a Washington DC dentist and electronics enthusiast named Mahlon Loomis had transmitted radio signals between two mountaintops 15 miles apart. In 1885 American physicist Amos Dolbear patented a wireless telegraphy system very similar to Marconi's, similar enough that Marconi had to purchase the patent to establish his American subsidiary.

Father: Giuseppe Marconi

Mother: Annie Jameson

Brother: Alfonso

Brother: Luigi (stepbrother)

Wife: Beatrice O'Brien (dau. of 14th Baron Inchiquin, m. 16-Mar-1905, annulled 20-Jul-1927, 1 son, 2 daughters)

Daughter: Degna (b. 11-Sep-1908)

Son: Giulio (b. 21-Jun-1910)

Wife: Maria Bezzi-Scali (m. 12-Jun-1927 until his death, one daughter)
Daughter: Elettra (b. 20-Jul-1930)
==========

21- التلفاز جون لويجي بيرد، وآخرون إسكتلندي 1926م

- طفولته مجهولة لكن المعلومة الاهم هي اه كان مريضا وضعيف الصحة طوال حياته ورفض طلبة الانضمام للعسكرية. بدأ يهتم بالالكترونيات بعد ان اصابه انهيار عصبي.
- عاش جون لوجي بيرد في أحضان أسرة فقيرة فلما بلغ الثانية عشر من عمره عمل جاهدا لمساعدة والده فكان يجمع بعض الخردوات فيصلحها ويبيعها في السوق
- مازوم

Famous for:
Inventing the first working television

Later development of colour and stereoscopic television.

John Logie Baird was an engineer and inventor. Known as 'The Father of Television', he is most famous for being the first person to demonstrate a working television.

Inventiveness
Born in Helensburgh on the west coast of Scotland, John was the fourth and youngest child of the Rev John and Jessie Baird.

He showed early signs of ingenuity by setting up a telephone exchange to connect his house to those of his friends near by. His first interest in television came in 1903 after he read a German book on the photoelectric properties of selenium.

Work in wartime

Baird graduated from the Royal Technical College in Glasgow – now Strathclyde University – soon after the outbreak of the First World War.

Because of chronic ill-health, which was to plague him throughout his life, he was not accepted for military service. For a short time he worked for the Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company, before starting a small business manufacturing and marketing a water-absorbent sock. He then decided to move abroad.

Life in Trinidad

Baird sailed for Port of Spain, Trinidad in November 1919.
Realising that the island teemed with citrus fruit and sugar, he set up a jam factory.

Unfortunately the local insect life either ran off with the sugar or landed in the hot vats of boiling preserve.

Experimentation with television
Baird returned to Britain in September 1920, and after a brief spell in business in London, he started to experiment with television.

In Hastings in 1924 he transmitted the image of a Maltese cross over the distance of 10 feet.
Baird's first public demonstration of television was in 1925, in Selfridge's shop in London.

The breakthrough came in October 1925 when Baird achieved television pictures with light and shade (half-tones), making them much clearer.

He demonstrated these to invited members of the Royal Institution in January 1926. The pictures measured only 3.5 x 2 inches.

==

John Logie Baird was born on 14 August 1888 in Helensburgh on the west coast of Scotland, the son of a clergyman. Dogged by ill health for most of his life, he nonetheless showed early signs of ingenuity, rigging up a telephone exchange to connect his bedroom to those of his friends across the street. His studies at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College were interrupted by the outbreak of World War One. Rejected as unfit for the forces, he served as superintendent engineer of the Clyde Valley Electrical Power Company. When the war ended he set himself up in business, with mixed results.

==

It was after his nervous breakdown that he started paying attention to electronics. Marconi’s explanation about the travelling of radio waves was his area of concentration. He was almost sure that visual signals could also be transmitted through the same process. With his firm believe he started working on his project. The basic design of Baird contained a scanning disk named Nipkow disk after its German inventor, Paul Nipkow, which was developed in 1884. This device was made up of a disk made out of cardboard that had square holes in it in series, spirally placed. The Nipkow disk scanned light and dark areas when it spun with the photoelectric cell. This process converted into electrical signals. When two such disks worked in synchronization, the signals were again translated into visual images.
Baird made innovations in this idea of Nipkow and added a feature to it which could transmit signals through electromagnetic waves instead of cable wires. The innovation was not appreciated and financed much by the investors. Throughout this time, Baird took odd jobs such salesman for razor blade and a shoe shiner just to earn enough money to support himself and buy his tools. Many of his inventions involved the use of household items like string, bicycle lamps, cake tin and knitting needles etc. Finally on October 2, 1925 he accomplished in transmitting the picture of the dummy of ventriloquist from his attic’s one end to another. He got really excited and ran to the nearest shop to convince a boy to be a part of his television transmission. This invention gave fame to Baird in a jiffy also arouse interest of the investors. A television signal was sent by him from London to Glasgow in 1927 and from London to New York later in 1928. The only problem was this design produced poor quality image. Vladimir Zworykin’s design of cathode ray tube substituted Baird’s design. Baird still helped in developing improved designs of televisions. He also helped with the colored television and large and wide screen projection which he thought would later be used for movie projection for public. Baird passed away in 1946 when he was 58.
==
battling what was known at the time as a 'weak constitution' for most of his life, due to a serious childhood illness, Baird died in 1946, aged 58, in Bexhill-on-sea, East Sussex from a stroke. He was buried with his Father and Mother in the family plot in Helensburgh. In the last decade, he was voted one of the 100 greatest Britons and one of the 10 greatest Scottish scientists in history
==

22- الحاسوب هوارد آيكن، وآخرون أمريكي 1944م
- كان والده مدمنا على الكحول وكان عنيفا .
- دافع هوارد عن والدته وهو في سن الثانية عشرة حيث تصدى له عندما حاول الاعتداد عليها .
- خرج الوالد بعد ذلك العراك ولم يعد الى المنزل أبدا ولم يشاهده احد .
- ذلك يجعله يتيم الاب في سن الثنية عشرة .
- مازوم ويتيم اجتماعي ويتيم الاب.

Howard Hathaway Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on 8th of March 1900, as the only child in the family of Daniel H. Aiken, from a wealthy and well-established Indiana family, and Margaret Emily Mierisch-Aiken, a child of German immigrants. When he was just entering his teens, he moved, with his parents and his maternal grandparents, to Indianapolis.

Daniel Aiken was addicted to alcohol and, during fits of drunkenness, would physically abuse his wife. During one such episode, young Howard, already large and strong at the age of 12, grabbed a fireplace poker and drove his father out of the house. The family never saw Daniel Aiken again.

Once the father had disappeared, the paternal relatives would have nothing more to do with young Howard or his mother and did not help them financially. Aiken was in the ninth grade when it became his responsibility to support his mother and grandmother. This meant that he would have to leave school and go to work. He got a job installing telephones (12 hour shifts) and began to take correspondence courses. One of his teachers however, having seen signs of Aiken's intellectual brilliance, especially in mathematics, went to see Mrs. Aiken to plead that her son return to school. Because of the family's pressing financial needs, Mrs. Aiken could not acquiesce. The teacher then found Aiken a night job (Howard was very found of this job, because he had to work only 8 hours every night!) as an electrician's helper for the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company, so he would be able to attend school during the day.

Howard Aiken is a difficult figure to write about because some people seem to have loved him and others hated him just as much. He clearly was strong willed but in some people's opinion this spilled over into a sort of self-centred conceit.

The story of how he came to create one of the first programmable computers is also an odd one. Born in New Jersey to parents who were not well off, Aiken worked hard to gain an education. He literally worked hard - 12 hours a the Indianapolis Light and Heat Company while at technical high school. He put himself through university by working for the four years at the Madison Gas and Electric company. He studied engineering and got his degree in 1923. Being an engineer what was more natural than to continue to work for the Gas and Electric company where he designed and built generating stations.

After ten years of engineering Aiken made a startling discovery. At the age of 32 he realised that he had studied for the wrong degree! He wanted to be a mathematician or failing that a physicist. He enrolled for a year at the University of Chicago and then moved to Harvard where he finally obtained a degree in physics and then a doctorate in physics at the age of 39. He supported himself through his second education by teaching physics and communications engineering.
------
Howard Hathaway Aiken was born March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey. However he grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana where he attended the Arsenal Technical High School. After high school he studied at the University of Wisconsin where he received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering. During college Aiken worked for the Madison Gas Company; after graduation he was promoted to chief engineer there.
In 1935 Aiken decided to return to school. In 1939 he received a Ph.D. from Harvard University. It was while working on his doctoral thesis in physics that Aiken began to think about constructing a machine to help with the more tedious tasks of calculations. Aiken began to talk about his idea and did research into what could be done. With help from colleagues at the university, Aiken succeeded in convincing IBM fund his project.
The idea was to build an electromachanic machine that could perform mathematical operations quickly and efficiently and allow a person to spend more time thinking instead of laboring over tedious calculations. IBM was to build the machine with Aiken acting as head of the construction team and donate it to Harvard with the requirement that IBM would get the credit for building it. The constructing team was to use machine components that IBM already had in existence.

It took seven years and a lot of money to finally get the machine operational. Part of the delay was due to the intervention of World War II. Officially the computer was called the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator but most everyone called it the Mark I. After completing the Mark I, Aiken went on to produce three more computers, two of which were electric rather than electromechanical.
More important than the actual computer (whose major purpose was to create tables), was the fact that it proved to the world that such a machine was more than just fancy, it was a practical purpose machine. Perhaps more important than the invention of Mark I was Aiken's contribution to academia. He started the first computer science academic program in the world.

Lauderdale, Florida. He died March 14, 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri

Born: 8-Mar-1900
Birthplace: Hoboken, NJ
Died: 14-Mar-1973
Location of death: St. Louis, MO
Cause of death: Natural Causes

Gender: Male
Race or Ethnicity: White
Sexual orientation: Straight
Occupation: Physicist, Inventor, Computer Programmer

Nationality: United States
Executive summary: Designer of early computers

Military service: US Navy (1942-46); US Navy Reserve (to Commander)

Computer pioneer Howard Aiken was trained as an electrical engineer at the University of Wisconsin, and as a young man he spent several years in the power generation and transmission industry. He eventually returned to school at the University of Chicago, which he later described as "a lousy institution", and after just two semesters at Chicago he transferred to Harvard. There, working toward his PhD in Physics, he grew weary of the required mathematical calculations — advanced differential equations which could only be solved with virtually endless hours of headache-inducing slide-rule work. In 1937, inspired by the century-old writings of Charles Babbage, he wrote a 22-page paper proposing that such purely numerical exercises could be mechanized.

Aiken met with executives at the Monroe Calculator Company, a leading maker of "noiseless" mechanical calculating machines, but his pitch was politely rebuffed. He then made a similar proposal to a rival firm, International Business Machines, a maker of punch cards, card sorters, and other industrial accounting devices. Aiken's plan was personally approved for funding by IBM's CEO, Thomas J. Watson, with the cost-saving stipulation that the project primarily use mechanical parts that the firm already made.

Working with IBM's technicians at its Endicott, New York laboratory, Aiken spent seven years designing and constructing the Mark I computer, which was successfully tested in 1943. Known formally as the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), it was never mass-produced, but it was an important breakthrough in mechanical and electrical technology. More than fifty feet wide, with some 700,000 mechanical parts, 1,200 ball bearings, and 530 miles of wiring, the Mark I weighed 35 tons, could store six dozen numbers, and it had cost IBM upwards of half a million dollars. It was the world’s first program-controlled calculator, and arguably the first modern computer.

With no industrial market for such a machine, the Mark I was used as publicity for IBM, and when the media grew disinterested it was shipped to Harvard and installed there in 1944. At Harvard the machine was used virtually 24 hours every day for the next fifteen years, for some of the most advanced scientific projects of the era.

Aiken's next project, the Mark II computer, was funded by the US Navy, completed in 1947, employed an electrical memory, and was capable of making calculations several times faster than the Mark I. His Mark III or Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator (ADEC), completed in 1949 at the Navy's Dahlgren Proving Ground in Virginia, was the first large-scale practical computer to use magnetic drums for data storage, allowing internal data storage and retrieval from an address stored in the computer's register. Aiken's almost-all-electronic Mark IV was completed in 1952 with funding from the US Air Force, and was the first computer to segregate the storage of software and data, a concept now known in computer parlance as the Harvard architecture. In addition to his contributions to early computer technology, Aiken established the first collegiate-level computer science classes when he taught at Harvard and the University of Miami.

Father: Daniel Aiken
Mother: Margaret Emily Mierisch Aiken
Wife: Louise (m. 1939, div. 1942)
Daughter: Rachael
Wife: Agnes Montgomery (Latin teacher, "Monty", m. 1942

23- الووكمان أكيو موريتا ياباني 1979م
- مجهول الطفولة ولا يعرف متى مات والديه ولا يكاد يعرف من طفولته سوى ان والده كان يقوم على تدريبة ليتولى اعمال العائلة وهو ما يزال طفل صغير.
- اندلعت الحرب العالمية الثانية وهو في نهاية العقد الثاني من العمر وانضم الى الجيش وهو في سن 23 .

AKIO MORITA: BIOGRAPHY
Akio Morita was born on January 26, 1921, in the city of Nagoya, to a family of sake brewers. The Morita family has been brewing sake for nearly 400 years in the city of Tokoname, near Nagoya. Under the strict eyes of his father, Kyuzaemon, Akio was groomed to become the heir to the family business. As a student, Akio often sat in on company meetings with his father and he would help with the family business even on school holidays.

Throughout their long partnership, Ibuka devoted his energies to technological research and product development, while Morita was instrumental in leading Sony in the areas of marketing, globalization, finance and human resources. Morita also spearheaded Sony's entry into the software business, and he contributed to the overall management of the company
==

Akio Morita (born 1921), along with a few other entrepreneurs, embodied the postwar recovery and growth of Japanese industry. Morita and Sony Corporation, which he cofounded with Masaru Ibuka, challenge conventional notions about Japan's "economic miracle." The energy and inventiveness of small, independent companies like Sony, not keiretsu (industrial conglomerate arrangements) or the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), were the impetus for Japan's postwar economic development; their dependable high technology products changed the image of Japanese exports abroad.
Akio Morita was born January 26, 1921, the first son and fifteenth-generation heir to a sake-brewing family in Kosugaya village near Nagoya. Influenced as a boy by his mother's love of classical music (his family was one of the first to own an RCA Victrola in Japan), Morita developed a keen interest in electronics and sound reproduction. He became so engrossed in his electronic experiments, even building his own ham radio, that he almost flunked out of school; but after concentrating on his studies for a year, he entered the prestigious Eighth Higher School as a physics major. At Osaka Imperial University he assisted his professor in research for the Imperial Japanese Navy. Rather than be drafted, he signed up with the navy to continue his studies. After his graduation in 1944, Lieutenant Morita supervised a special project group of the Aviation Technology Center on thermal guidance weapons and night-vision gunsights. There he met Masaru Ibuka, an electronics engineer 13 years his senior. The two became close friends and eventually cofounded Sony Corporation. After World War II, Morita became a physics professor while working part time in Ibuka's new telecommunications lab.

===

24- الآلة الحاسبة بليز باسكال فرنسي 1639م
- يتيم الام في سن الثالثة.
- كان ضيف صحيا خاصة بعد سن الثامنة عشرة قد جاء موته بعد سن التاسعة والثلاثين بقليل.

إحدى أوائل آلات باسكال الحاسبة

تعتبر هذه الآلة إحدى أوجه تقدم العلوم التطبيقية. إنها فعلا اكتشاف جدير بالاهتمام، فهو الذي أوصل الإنسانية إلى الحاسبات الحديثة وما يمكن أن تصل إليه في المستقبل. فقد اكتشفها في روان سنة 1640 وهي آلة تقوم بإجراء للعمليات الحسابية الأربع دون جهد في التفكير وذلك لتأدية حسابات والده بسرعة.إن عملية مكننة الحساب تعتبر خطوة جبارة على طريق الحضارة الإنسانية.

==
Blaise Pascal (French: [blɛz paskal]; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences where he made important contributions to the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by generalizing the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines. After three years of effort and fifty prototypes, he invented the mechanical calculator. He built 20 of these machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines) in the following ten years. Pascal was an important mathematician, helping create two major new areas of research: he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of 16, and later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. Following Galileo and Torricelli, in 1646 he refuted Aristotle's followers who insisted that nature abhors a vacuum. Pascal's results caused many disputes before being accepted.
In 1646, he and his sister Jacqueline identified with the religious movement within Catholicism known by its detractors as Jansenism.[5] His father died in 1651. Following a mystical experience in late 1654, he had his "second conversion", abandoned his scientific work, and devoted himself to philosophy and theology. His two most famous works date from this period: the Lettres provinciales and the Pensées, the former set in the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits. In that year, he also wrote an important treatise on the arithmetical triangle. Between 1658 and 1659 he wrote on the cycloid and its use in calculating the volume of solids.
Pascal had poor health, especially after his 18th year, and his death came just two months after his 39th birthday.[6]

Early life and education
Pascal was born in Clermont-Ferrand; he lost his mother, Antoinette Begon, at the age of three.

His father, Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), who also had an interest in science and mathematics, was a local judge and member of the "Noblesse de Robe". Pascal had two sisters, the younger Jacqueline and the elder Gilberte.
In 1631, five years after the death of his wife, Étienne Pascal moved with his children to Paris. The newly arrived family soon hired Louise Delfault, a maid who eventually became an instrumental member of the family. Étienne, who never remarried, decided that he alone would educate his children, for they all showed extraordinary intellectual ability, particularly his son Blaise. The young Pascal showed an amazing aptitude for mathematics and science.
Particularly of interest to Pascal was a work of Desargues on conic sections. Following Desargues' thinking, the 16-year-old Pascal produced, as a means of proof, a short treatise on what was called the "Mystic Hexagram", Essai pour les coniques ("Essay on Conics") and sent it—his first serious work of mathematics—to Père Mersenne in Paris; it is known still today as Pascal's theorem. It states that if a hexagon is inscribed in a circle (or conic) then the three intersection points of opposite sides lie on a line (called the Pascal line).
Pascal's work was so precocious that Descartes was convinced that Pascal's father had written it. When assured by Mersenne that it was, indeed, the product of the son not the father, Descartes dismissed it with a sniff: "I do not find it strange that he has offered demonstrations about conics more appropriate than those of the ancients," adding, "but other matters related to this subject can be proposed that would scarcely occur to a 16-year-old child."[9]
In France at that time offices and positions could be—and were—bought and sold. In 1631 Étienne sold his position as second president of the Cour des Aides for 65,665 livres.[10] The money was invested in a government bond which provided if not a lavish then certainly a comfortable income which allowed the Pascal family to move to, and enjoy, Paris. But in 1638 Richelieu, desperate for money to carry on the Thirty Years' War, defaulted on the government's bonds. Suddenly Étienne Pascal's worth had dropped from nearly 66,000 livres to less than 7,300.

Like so many others, Étienne was eventually forced to flee Paris because of his opposition to the fiscal policies of Cardinal Richelieu, leaving his three children in the care of his neighbor Madame Sainctot, a great beauty with an infamous past who kept one of the most glittering and intellectual salons in all France. It was only when Jacqueline performed well in a children's play with Richelieu in attendance that Étienne was pardoned. In time Étienne was back in good graces with the cardinal, and in 1639 had been appointed the king's commissioner of taxes in the city of Rouen — a city whose tax records, thanks to uprisings, were in utter chaos.
In 1642, in an effort to ease his father's endless, exhausting calculations, and recalculations, of taxes owed and paid, Pascal, not yet 19, constructed a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction, called Pascal's calculator or the Pascaline. The Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris and the Zwinger museum in Dresden, Germany, exhibit two of his original mechanical calculators. Though these machines are early forerunners to computer engineering, the calculator failed to be a great commercial success. Because it was extraordinarily expensive the Pascaline became little more than a toy, and status symbol, for the very rich both in France and throughout Europe. However, Pascal continued to make improvements to his design through the next decade and built 20 machines in total.
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Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564. He was the oldest of seven children. His father was a musician and wool trader, who wanted his son to study medicine as there was more money in medicine. At age eleven, Galileo was sent off to study in a Jesuit monastery.
After four years, Galileo had announced to his father that he wanted to be a monk. This was not exactly what father had in mind, so Galileo was hastily withdrawn from the monastery. In 1581, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Pisa to study medicine, as his father wished.
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26- الدبابة إرنست سونيتون إنجليزي 1914م
مجهول الطفولة

[Major General Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton, KBE,CB, DSO, RE (21 October 1868 – 15 January 1951) was a military writer and British Army officer. Swinton is credited with influencing the development and adoption of the tank by the British during the First World War. He is also known for popularising the term "no-mans land". He published several books of non-fiction and fiction including two books under the pseudonym O'le Luk-Oie.
Early life and career[edit]

Swinton was born in Bangalore, India in 1868, his father worked for the Madras Civil Service. He was educated at University College School, Rugby School, Cheltenham College, Blackheath Proprietary School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became an officer in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1888, serving in India and becoming Lieutenant in 1891.

He served as a Captain during the Second Boer War (1899-1901), and received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in November 1900.[1] After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, The Defence of Duffer's Drift, a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the Canadian and British Armies to train their NCOs and officers and US military to train its officers.[2][3] In the years leading up to the First World War, he served as a staff officer and as an official historian of the Russo-Japanese War.T][/LEFT

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Swinton was born in Bangalore, India in 1868. He was educated at University College School, Rugby School, Cheltenham College, Blackheath Proprietary School and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He became an officer in the Corps of Royal Engineers in 1888, serving in India and becoming Lieutenant in 1891. He received the DSO in the Second Boer War (1899-1902). After the war, he wrote his book on small unit tactics, The Defense of Duffer's Drift, a military classic on minor tactics that has been used by the United States military to train its officers[1][2]. In the years leading up to the First World War he served as a staff officer and as an official historian of the Russo-Japanese War. The War Minister, Lord Kitchener appointed Swinton as the official British war correspondent on the Western Front. Journalists were not allowed at the front and Swinton's reports were censored leading to an effectively uncontroversial although evenhanded reporting. Swinton recounts in his book Eyewitness how he first got the sudden idea to build a tank on 19 October 1914, while driving a car in France. It is known he in July 1914 received a letter from a friend, the South-African engineer Hugh Merriot, asking his attention for the fact that armoured tractors might be very useful in warfare. November 1914 Swinton, then a Major, suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the military authorities. [3]. In the same year he prepared from his own resources a propaganda leaflet and had it dropped from aircraft over German troops. His armoured vehicle proposal was stalled within the British Army but Colonel Maurice Hankey late December took it to Winston Churchill, then at the Admiralty, which led to the formation of the Landships Committee, in which Swinton did initially not participate. In 1916 Swinton became as a Lieutenant Colonel responsible for the training of the first tank units. He created the first tactical instructions for armoured warfare. The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided after the war that the inventors of the tank were Sir William Tritton, managing director of Fosters and Major Walter Gordon Wilson. In 1919 he retired as Major General. He subsequently served in the Civil Aviation department at the Air Ministry. He thereafter joined Citroën in 1922 as a director. He was Professor of Military History at Oxford University and Colonel Commandant of the Royal Tank Corps from 1934-38.

27-القلم الحبر لويس إديسون وترمان أمريكي 1884م
- يتيم الاب وهو طفل صغير
- امه تزوجت من جديد وهو في سن السادسه عشره
- تعليمه كان محدود
- ضعف صحته جعله يتوقف عن العمل اليدوي

Lewis Edson Waterman
Dictionary of American Biography, 1936

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Born: November 20, 1837 in Decatur, New York, United States
Died: May 01, 1901 in New York, New York, United States
Nationality: American
Occupation: Inventor
Waterman, Lewis Edson (Nov. 20, 1837 - May 1, 1901), inventor and manufacturer, eldest son of Elisha and Amanda Perry (Washburn) Waterman, was born in Decatur, Otsego County, N. Y. He traced his ancestry to Robert Waterman, who emigrated from England to Plymouth, Mass., about 1636 and later settled in Marshfield. Elisha Waterman was prospering at his trade of wagon-builder when Lewis was born but he died of a fever when the latter was still a small child. The boy obtained no regular schooling until after he was ten years old, but thereafter he devoted as much time as he could to study, even attending the seminary in Charlottesville, N. Y., for a short period when he was fifteen. In 1853 his mother married again, and Waterman accompanied the family to Kankakee County, Ill., where for four years he taught school in the winter and worked as a carpenter in summer. His health would not permit him to continue in manual labor, however, and between 1857 and 1861 he was variously occupied teaching school, selling books, and studying the Pitman system of shorthand. He mastered the subject so thoroughly that during the year before the Civil War he was able to give instruction in it.

Through his experience as a book agent Waterman had discovered that he was an able salesman and in 1862 he gave up teaching to sell life insurance. After some two years he was made the Boston representative of the Aetna Life Insurance Company, in which capacity he continued until 1870, building up a substantial and profitable business. Poor health forced him to give up the Boston agency, and for the next thirteen years he spent much of his time in travel. In 1883 he turned his attention seriously to the perfection of the fountain pen, in which he had been passively interested for several years. A number of fountain pens had been patented previously, but to his mind none of them was satisfactory. He moved to New York City and there began a series of experiments in which he progressed so rapidly that before the year was out he applied for his first patents, which were issued on Feb. 12 and Nov. 4, 1884. His initial improvement was in the ink-feeding device. It consisted mainly of a piece of hard rubber inserted into the open end of the pen barrel and holding the gold pen in position. On the side of this piece of rubber next to the pen was a square groove, in the bottom of which narrow fissures had been made with fine saws; extending from the ink reservior in the barrel to the nibs of the pen, these fissures automatically controlled the flow of ink. Upon obtaining his patents, Waterman established the Ideal Pen Company in New York to manufacture his pen. Three years later, in 1887, the business had grown to such an extent that it was incorporated as the L. E. Waterman Company, Waterman acting as president and manager until his death. In this capacity he not only successfully directed the manufacturing and selling branches of his business but also continued to improve the pen, obtaining patents for modifications of his feeding device as well as for improvements of the joints between the nozzle and the barrel and between the cap and the barrel, the most noted being a joint made of disparate cones.

Waterman was twice married: first, June 29, 1858, to Sarah Ann Roberts, in Pittsfield, Ill., and second, Oct. 3, 1872, to Sarah Ellen Varney, in Topsfield, Mass. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., survived by his widow and by three children of his first marriage, and was buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Boston, Mass.

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