ما سر "الروعة" في افضل مائة رواية عالمية؟ دراسة بحثية - الصفحة 5

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توماس لوف بيكوك

Thomas Love Peacock (18 October 1785 – 23 January 1866) was an English satirist and author.
Peacock was a close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and they influenced each other's work. He wrote satirical novels, each with the same basic setting — characters at a table discussing and criticising the philosophical opinions of the day.

استخدم الاسلوب الساخر

he worked for the British East India Company.
Peacock was born in Weymouth, Dorset, the son of Samuel Peacock and his wife Sarah Love, daughter of Thomas Love a retired master of a man-of-war in the Royal Navy. His father was a glass merchant in London, partner of a Mr Pellatt, presumed to be Apsley Pellatt (1763–1826).
Peacock went with his mother to live with her family at Chertsey in 1791 and in 1792 went to a school run by Joseph Harris Wicks at Englefield Green where he stayed for six and a half years.

ولد عام 1785 وانتقل مع والدته للعيش مع عائلتها في تشرسي عام 1791 وانتقل عام 1792 الى مدرسة داخلية في انجلفيلد ومكث هناك لمدة 6 سنوات

His father died in 1794 in "poor circumstances" leaving a small annuity.
مات ابوه في عام 1794 اي حينما كان عمره 9 سنوات
His first known poem was an epitaph for a school fellow written at the age of ten and another on his Midsummer Holidays was written when he was thirteen. Around that time in 1798 he was abruptly taken from school and from then on was entirely self educated.
ترك المدرسه عام 1798 وعمره 13 سنه وتعلم لوحده بعد ذلك

In February 1800, Peacock became a clerk with Ludlow Fraser Company, who were merchants in the City of London. He lived with his mother on the firm's premises at 4 Angel Court Throgmorton Street. He won the eleventh prize from the Monthly Preceptor for a verse answer to the question "Is History or Biography the More Improving Study?".He also contributed to "The Juvenile Library", a magazine for youth whose competitions excited the emulation of several other boys including Leigh Hunt, de Quincey, and W. J. Fox.He began visiting the Reading Room of the British Museum, which he frequented for many years, a diligent student of all the best literature in Greek, Latin, French, and Italian. In 1804 and 1806 he published two volumes of poetry, The Monks of St. Mark and Palmyra.Some of Peacock's juvenile compositions were privately printed by Sir Henry Cole.
In around 1806 he left his job in the city and during the year made a solitary walking tour of Scotland.
مشى وحيدا في رحله في استكتلندا بعد ان ترك وظيفته
The annuity left by his father expired in October 1806. In 1807 he returned to live at his mother's house at Chertsey. He was briefly engaged to Fanny Faulkner, but it was broken off through the interference of her relations.
عاد للعيش في بيت والدته عام 1807
His friends, as he hints, thought it wrong that so clever a man should be earning so little money. In the autumn of 1808 he became private secretary to Sir Home Popham, commanding the fleet before Flushing. By the end of the year he was serving Captain Andrew King aboard HMS Venerable in the Downs. His preconceived affection for the sea did not reconcile him to nautical realities. "Writing poetry", he says, "or doing anything else that is rational, in this floating inferno, is next to a moral impossibility. I would give the world to be at home and devote the winter to the composition of a comedy". He did write prologues and addresses for dramatic performances on board HMS Venerable. His dramatic taste then and for nine years subsequently found expression in attempts at comedies and pieces of a still lighter class, all of which fail from lack of ease of dialogue and the over-elaboration of incident and humour. He left the Venerable in March 1809 at Deal and walked around Ramsgate in Kent before returning home to Chertsey. He had sent his publisher Edward Hookham a little poem of the Thames which he expanded during the year into "The Genius of the Thames". On 29 May he set out on a two week expedition to trace the course of the River Thames from its source to Chertsey and spent two or three days staying in Oxford.
Peacock travelled to North Wales in January 1810 where he visited Tremadog and settled at Maentwrog in Merionethshire. At Maentwrog he was attracted to the parson's daughter Jane Gryffydh, whom he referred to as the "Caernavonshire nymph". Early in June 1810, the "Genius of the Thames" was published by Thomas and Edward Hookham. Early in 1811 he left Maentwrog to walk home via South Wales. He climbed Cadair Idris and visited Edward Scott at Bodtalog near Towyn. His journey included Aberystwyth and Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion. Later in 1811, his mother's annuity expired and she had to leave Chertsey and moved to Morven Cottage Wraysbury near Staines with the help of some friends. In 1812 they had to leave Morven Cottage over problems paying tradesmen's bills

واجه بعض المشاكل المالية وسافر كثيرا بما في ذلك رحلة لاكتشاف منبع نهير التايمز

In 1812 Peacock published another elaborate poem, "The Philosophy of Melancholy",
في عام 1812 كتب قصيدة فلسفة الحزن الشديد

and in the same year made the acquaintance of Shelley: he says in his memoir of Shelley, that he "saw Shelley for the first time just before he went to Tanyrallt", whither Shelley proceeded from London in November 1812 (Hogg's Life of Shelley, vol. 2, pp. 174, 175.) Thomas Hookham, the publisher of all Peacock's early writings, was possibly responsible for the introduction. It was Hookham's circulating library which Shelley used for many years, and Hookham had sent The Genius of the Thames to Shelley, and in the Shelley Memorials, pp. 38–40, is a letter from the poet dated 18 August 1812, extolling the poetical merits of the performance and with equal exaggeration censuring what he thought the author's misguided patriotism. Personal acquaintance almost necessarily ensued, and hence arose an intimacy not devoid of influence upon Shelley's fortunes both before and after his death.
For some years, the course of Peacock's life is only known in connection with Shelley. In the winter of 1813 he accompanies Shelley and his first wife Harriet to Edinburgh. Peacock was fond of Harriet, and in his old age defended her reputation from slanders spread by Jane, Lady Shelley, the daughter-in-law of Shelley's second wife Mary.

After Shelley deserted Harriet, Peacock throughout the winter of 1814–15 became an almost daily visitor of Shelley and his mistress, Mary Godwin (later Mary Shelley), at their London lodgings. In 1815 he shares their voyage to the source of the Thames. "He seems", writes Charles Clairmont, Mary Godwin's stepbrother and a member of the party, "an idly-inclined man; indeed, he is professedly so in the summer; he owns he cannot apply himself to study, and thinks it more beneficial to him as a human being entirely to devote himself to the beauties of the season while they last; he was only happy while out from morning till night". During the winter of 1815–16 Peacock was continually walking over from Marlow, where he had established himself some time in this year, to visit Shelley at Bishopgate. There he met Hogg, and "the winter was a mere Atticism. Our studies were exclusively Greek". The benefit which Shelley derived from such a course of study cannot be overrated. Its influence is seen more and more in everything he wrote to the end of his life. The morbid, the fantastic, the polemical, gradually faded out of his mind; and the writer who began as the imitator of the wildest extravagances of German romance would, had not his genius transcended the limits of any school, have ended as scarcely less of a Hellene than Keats and Landor.

ابرز احداث حياته انه فقد الاب في سن الـ 9
فهو يتيم الاب في الـ 9

09-03-2011, 09:25 PM

المشاركة 42

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مراقب عام سابقا

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والان ننتقل للتعرف على سر الروعه في رواية:

12ـ الخروف الأسود، للمؤلف أونوريه دي بلزاك.

La Rabouilleuse (The Black Sheep), is a 1842 novel by Honoré de Balzac as part of his series La Comédie humaine. The Black Sheep is the title of the English translation by Donald Adamson published by Penguin Classics. It tells the story of the Bridau family, trying to regain their lost inheritance after a series of unfortunate mishaps.
Though for years an overlooked work in Balzac's canon, it has gained popularity and respect in recent years. The Guardian listed The Black Sheep 12 on its list of the 100 Greatest Novels of All Time[
اعتبرت جريدة الجاردين ان هذه الرواية واحدة من افضل 100 رواية

Plot summary
The action of the novel is divided between Paris and Issoudun. Agathe Rouget, who was born in Issoudun, is sent to be raised by her maternal relatives, the Descoings in Paris by her father Doctor Rouget.

تحكي الرواية قصة فتاة ( اغاثي روجت ) ارسلت وهي صغيره الى اقاربها لتعيش عندهم

He suspects (wrongly) that he is not her true father. There she marries a man named Bridau, and they have two sons, Phillipe, and Joseph. Monsieur Bridau dies relatively young, Phillipe, who is the eldest and his mother's favourite, becomes a soldier in Napoleon's armies, and Joseph becomes an artist.
تلك الفتاة تتزوج شخص اسمه بريدو لكنه يموت صغير السن

Phillipe, the elder son is shown to be a courageous soldier, but is also a heavy drinker and gambler. He resigns from the army after the Bourbon Restoration out of loyalty to Napoleon. Joseph is a dedicated artist, and the more loyal son, but his mother does not understand his artistic vocation.
After leaving the army Phillipe took part in the failed Champ d'Asile settlement in Texas. On returning to France he is unemployed, and lives with his mother and Madame Descoings, and becomes a financial drain on them, especially due to his hard drinking and gambling lifestyle. Phillipe becomes estranged from his mother and brother after stealing money from Madame Descoings. Phillipe is soon afterwards arrested for his involvement in an anti-government conspiracy.
Meanwhile in Issoudun, Agathe's elder brother Jean-Jacques takes in an ex-soldier named Max Gilet as a boarder. Max is suspected of being his illegitimate half brother. Max and Jean-Jacques' servant Flore Brazier work together to control Jean-Jacques. Max leads a group of young men who call themselves "The Knights of Idleness" who frequently play practical jokes around the town. Two of these are against a Spanish immigrant named Fario, destroying his cart and his grain, and therefore ruining his business.
It is now that Joseph and his mother travel to Issoudun to try to persuade Jean-Jacques to give Agathe money to help cover Phillipe's legal costs. They stay with their friends the Hochons. Jean-Jacques and Max only give them some old paintings, but only Joseph recognises their value. Joseph tells of his luck to the Hochons, not realising that their grandsons are friends of Max. Afterwards when Max discovers the value of the paintings he coerces Joseph into returning them. Then one night whilst out walking Fario stabs Max. As Max is recovering he decides to blame Joseph for the stabbing. Joseph is arrested, but later cleared and released, and he and his mother return to Paris.
In the meantime, Phillipe has been convicted for his plotting. However, he cooperates with authorities and gets a light sentence of five years Police supervision in Autun. Phillipe gets his lawyer to change the location to Issoudun in order to claim his mother's inheritance for himself. He challenges Max to a duel with swords, and kills him in the duel. He then takes control of Jean-Jacques and his household, forcing Flore to become Jean-Jacques' wife.
Phillipe marries Flore after the death of Jean-Jacques. Flore too soon dies. The book hints that both of these deaths are arranged by Phillipe but is not explicit about the means. Through his connections, Phillipe has now obtained the title Comte de Brambourg. Phillipe later marries a rich man's daughter. An attempt by Joseph to reconcile Phillipe and their mother before her death fails. Phillipe's fortunes take a turn for the worse after some unsuccessful speculation, and he rejoins the army to take part in the war in Algeria where he is killed in action, so that in the end Joseph, now a successful artist, inherits the family fortune.
Explanation of Title
'La Rabouilleuse' is the nickname of Flore Brazier used behind her back by the people of Issoudun. Max takes offence when some of his friends use it in conversation. Adamson translates the term as "the Fisherwoman". From the French Wiki of this page, it appears that it is a regional word for someone who stirs up the water in a river, more easily to catch fish such as crayfish. "(En français régional, une personne qui agite et trouble l’eau pour effrayer les écrevisses et les pêcher plus facilement)". The nickname is a reference to the job that she did as a young girl when helping her uncle to fish for crayfish, before becoming a servant to the Rouget household. The English title of the book therefore moves the focus from her to the two brothers.

09-03-2011, 09:41 PM

المشاركة 43

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مراقب عام سابقا

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بلزاك

Honoré de Balzac (French pronunciation: ; 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. His magnum opus was a sequence of short stories and novels collectively entitled La Comédie humaine, which presents a panorama of French life in the years after the 1815 fall of Napoleon.
Due to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature.

يعتبر مؤسس الواقعيه في الادب الفرنسي واوروبا

He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters, who are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. His writing influenced many subsequent novelists such as Marcel Proust, Émile Zola, Charles Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Marie Corelli, Henry James, William Faulkner, Jack Kerouac, and Italo Calvino, and philosophers such as Friedrich Engels. Many of Balzac's works have been made into or have inspired films, and they are a continuing source of inspiration for writers, filmmakers and critics.
An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school.
واجه مصاعب في المدرسة خاصة فيما يتعلق باسلوب التدريس

His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business.
كان صعب المراس مما سبب له مشاكل طوال حياته

When he finished school, Balzac was an apprentice in a Law office, but he turned his back on the study of Law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts.
جرب العمل في عدة مجالات لكنه فشل فيها جميعها

La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience.
كتاباته تحتوي على مشاهد من تجاربه الخاصة

Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his intense writing schedule.
عانى كثيرا من مصاعب صحيه

his relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he ended several friendships over critical reviews.
تعكرت علاقاته مع العائله لاسباب مالية واسباب اخرى شخصية

In 1850 he married Ewelina Hańska, his longtime love; he died five months later.
تزوج عام 1850 من حبيبته لمده طويله لكنه مات بعد اربعة اشهر

Family
Honoré Balzac was born into a family which had struggled nobly to achieve respectability. His father, born Bernard-François Balssa, was one of eleven children from a poor family in Tarn, a region in the south of France.
والده جاء من عائله فقيره

In 1760 the elder Balzac set off for Paris with only a louis coin in his pocket, determined to improve his social standing; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the King's Council and a Freemason. (He had also changed his name to that of an ancient noble family, and added – without any official cause – the nobiliary particle de.)[1] After the Reign of Terror (1793–94), he was sent to Tours to coordinate supplies for the Army.[2]
Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of haberdashers in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding, and Bernard-François fifty.
كان عمر والدته 18 سته عندما تزوجت والده الذي كان في الخمسين

As British writer and critic V. S. Pritchett explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband."

Honoré (so named after Saint Honoré of Amiens, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs; exactly one year previous, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month.
كان بلزاك الطفل الثاني لوالده الاول مات بعد شهر من ولادته
Honoré's sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, and his brother Henry-François in 1807.]

Early life
As an infant Balzac was sent to a wet-nurse; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home.
ارسل الطفل بلزاك الى مرضعه بعد ولادته وتبعه يعد عام اخته وبقي عند المربيه 4 سنوات

(Although Genevan philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influential book Émile convinced many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet-nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.)

When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frigid distance by their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835 novel Le Lys dans la Vallée features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver.[
عندما عاد الابناء الى المنزل ابقوا على مافسة بعيده من الابوين وهو ما اثر كثيرا في بلزاك
روايته والتي الفها في العام 1835 تتمحور حول مربية شديدة القسوه

At age eight Balzac was sent to the Oratorian grammar school in Vendôme, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic which had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy.

في سن الثامنة ارسل بلزاك إلى المدرسة ( اوراتوريان) وبقي هناك 7 سنوات وكان ولده شحيح عليه ليدفعه بأن يعتمد على نفسه من خلال المعاناة التي صنعته هو ابتدءا

This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates.

قلة اهتمام والده به جعله اضحوكة لاقرانه

Balzac had difficulty adapting to the rote style of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove," a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students.

واجه مصاعب في الدراسة ولذلك كثيرا ما كان يرسل إلى زنزانة العقاب والتي كانت مخصصه للمشاغبين

(The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the dungeon more than a hundred times!")

يقول عامل النظافة في المدرسة انه رافقه الى تلك الزنزانه اكثر من 100 مره

Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way.

منحه هذا العقاب والبقاء وحده في هذه الزنزانة فرصة لان يقرأ كثيرا

Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood – as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him – into La Comédie Humaine. His time at Vendôme is reflected in Louis Lambert, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books."[

تعتبر أعماله مذكراته الشخصية وكتب في احد رواياته عن طفل درس في تلك المدرسة وانه قرأ كثيرا في كل المجالات

Although his mind was receiving nourishment, the same could not be said for Balzac's body. He often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma".

كان يمرض كثيرا مما اضطر مدير المدرسة للاتصال بأهله لانه اصيب بمرض افقده الوعي تقريبا

When he returned home, his grandmother said: "Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!")Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor.

يعتقد ان وضعه في تلك الزنزانه كانت احد أسباب مرضه رغم انه كان يعتقد بأن سبب مرضه كثرة القراءة والمطالعة

(Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.) In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years.

This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the Loire River.

في عام 1814 انتقلت العائلة الى باريس وارسل بلزاك ليتعلم لدى اساتذه خصوصين ومدارس خاصة لمدة سنتين وكانت هذه الفترة غير سعيدة في حياته جعلته يفكر في الانتحار

In 1816 Balzac entered the Sorbonne, where he studied under three famous professors. François Guizot, who later became Prime Minister, was Professor of Modern History. Abel-François Villemain, a recent arrival from the Collège Charlemagne, lectured on French and classical literature. And – most influential of all – Victor Cousin's courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently.

Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the law; for three years he trained and worked at the office of Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel Le Notaire, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code."

In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again…. I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite." He announced his intention to be a writer.

The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely.

Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital – as English critic George Saintsbury describes it – "in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles [32 km] outside Paris.

رفض الاستمرار في العمل في مجال القانون على خطى والده وفي عام 1819 سمح له بالبقاء في باريس لكنه كان يعيش حياة فقر شديد وتحت رعاية امرأة عجوز

واضح ان بلزاك عاش طفولة تعيسة وقاسية ادت به الى المرض النفسي حيث ارسل الطفل بلزاك الى مرضعه بعد ولادته وتبعه يعد عام اخته وبقي عند المربيه 4 سنوات.

- وعليه يمكن اعتباره يتم افتراضي لانه عاش بعيد عن الاب والام حياة قاسية للغاية

- يتيم افتراضي منذ الولادة .

09-04-2011, 10:02 PM

المشاركة 46

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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والان ننتقل للتعرف على سر الروعة في رواية :

13 ـ شارترهاوس أوف بارما، للمؤلف ستاندال.

The Charterhouse of Parma (French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal.

Plot summary
The Charterhouse of Parma tells the story of the young Italian nobleman Fabrice del Dongo and his adventures from his birth in 1798 to his death.
تتمحور القصة حول شخص من الطبقة العالية في ايطاليا ومغامراته من طفولته حتى مماته

Fabrice’s early years are spent in his family’s castle on Lake Como, while most of the novel is set in a fictionalized Parma (both in modern-day Italy).
The book begins with the French army sweeping into Milan and stirring up the sleepy region of Lombardy, allied with Austria. Fabrice grows up in the context of the intrigues and alliances for and against the French—his father the Marchese comically fancies himself a spy for the Viennese. The novel's early section describes Fabrice's rather quixotic effort to join Napoleon when the latter returns to France in March 1815 (the Hundred Days). Fabrice at seventeen is idealistic, rather naive, and speaks poor French. However he won't be stopped, and he leaves his home on Lake Como and travels north under false papers. He wanders through France, losing money and horses at a fast rate. He is imprisoned as a spy, he escapes, dons the uniform of a dead French hussar, and in his excitement to play the role of a French soldier, wanders onto the field of battle at the Battle of Waterloo.
Stendhal, a veteran of many battles during the Napoleonic period (he was one of the survivors of the retreat from Russia in 1812), describes this famous battle as a chaotic affair with soldiers who gallop one way, then another, while bullets plow the fields around them.
الروائي ستاندال محارب قديم في حروب نابليون وهو احد من نجو من هزيمة روسيا

Fabrice briefly joins the guard of Field Marshal Ney, is lucky to survive the fighting with a serious wound to his leg (given to him by one of the retreating French cavalrymen). He makes his way back to his family's castle, injured, broke, and still wondering "was I really in the battle?" Towards the end of the novel his efforts, such as they are, lead people to say that he was one of Napoleon's generals.
Fabrice having returned to Lake Como, the novel now divides its attention between him and his aunt (his father's sister), Gina, the sometime Duchess of Sanseverina. Gina meets and falls in love with the Prime Minister of Parma, Count Mosca. Count Mosca proposes that Gina marry a wealthy old man, who will be out of the country for many years as an ambassador, so she and Count Mosca can be lovers while living under the social rules of the time. Gina's response is: "But you realize that what you are suggesting is utterly immoral?" She agrees, and so a few months later, Gina is the new social eminence in Parma's rather small aristocratic elite.
Ever since Fabrice returned from Waterloo, Gina has had very warm feelings for her nephew, and she and Count Mosca try to plan out a successful life for the young man. Count Mosca's plan has Fabrice go to seminary school in Naples, with the idea that when he graduates he will come to Parma and be installed as a senior figure in the religious hierarchy, soon to be the Archbishop, as the current office holder is old. The fact that Fabrice has no interest in religion (or celibacy) matters not to this plan. Fabrice agrees to the plan and leaves for Naples.
The book then describes in great detail how Gina and Count Mosca live and operate in the court of the Prince of Parma (named Ranuce-Erneste IV). Stendhal, who spent decades as a professional diplomat in northern Italy, gives a lively and interesting account of the court, though all of what he describes is entirely fictional, as Parma was ruled by Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma during the time of the novel. So much attention is given to Gina and Count Mosca that some have suggested that these two are the true heroes of the novel.
After several years in Naples, during which he has many affairs with local women, Fabrice returns to Parma and shortly gets involved with a young actress whose manager/lover takes offense and tries to kill Fabrice. In the resulting fight Fabrice kills the man and then flees Parma, fearing, rightly, that he will not be treated justly by the courts. However, his efforts to avoid capture are unsuccessful, and he is brought back to Parma and imprisoned in the Farnese Tower, the tallest tower in the city. His aunt, Gina, in great distress at what she feels will lead to Fabrice's certain death, goes to beg the Prince for his life. The Prince wants Gina to offer herself to him in exchange for Fabrice's freedom and is nonplussed when she refuses to agree to his implied offer.
For the next nine months Gina schemes to have Fabrice freed and manages to get secret messages relayed to him in the tower. The Prince keeps hinting that Fabrice is going to be executed (or poisoned) as a way to put pressure on Gina. Meanwhile, Fabrice is oblivious to his danger and is living happily because he has fallen in love with the commandant's daughter, Clélia Conti, who he can see from his prison window as she tends her caged birds. They fall in love, and after some time he persuades her to communicate with him by means of letters of the alphabet printed on sheets ripped from a book (something like a pre-modern keyboard).
Gina finally helps Fabrice escape from the Tower by having Clélia smuggle three long ropes to him. The only thing that concerns Fabrice is whether he will be able to meet Clélia after he escapes. But Clélia, who has sacrificed the health of her father because of her beloved, promises the Virgin that if her father recovers she shall never see Fabrice again and will do anything her father says.
Gina leaves Parma and puts in motion a plan to have the Prince of Parma assassinated. Count Mosca stays in Parma, and when the Prince does die (perhaps poisoned by Gina's poet/bandit/assassin) he puts down an attempted revolt by some local revolutionaries and gets the son of the Prince installed on the throne. Fabrice voluntarily returns to the Farnese Tower to see Clélia and is almost poisoned there. To save him, Gina promises to give herself to the new Prince. She keeps her promise but immediately leaves Parma afterwards. Gina never returns to Parma, but she marries Count Mosca. Clélia, to help her father who was disgraced by Fabrice's escape, marries the wealthy man her father has chosen for her, and so she and Fabrice live unhappily because of the promise she made to never see him again.
Once he is acquitted of murdering the actress's manager/lover, Fabrice assumes his duties as a powerful man of the Catholic Church and a preacher whose sermons become the talk of the town. The only reason he gives these sermons, Fabrice says, is in the hope that Clélia will come to one and he can see her and speak to her. After 14 months of suffering for both, she agrees to meet with him every night, but only on the condition that it is in darkness, lest she break her vow to the Madonna to never see him again and they both be punished for her sin. A year later she bears Fabrice's child. When the boy is two years old, Fabrice insists that he should take care of him in the future, because he is feeling lonely and suffers that his own child won't love him. The plan he and Clélia devise is to fake the child's illness and death and then establish him secretly in a large house nearby, where Fabrice and Clélia can come to see him each day. As it turns out, after several months the child actually does die, and Clélia dies a few months after that. After her death, Fabrice retires to the Charterhouse of Parma, which gives the book its title, where he spends less than a year before he also dies. Gina, the Countess Mosca, who had always loved Fabrice, dies a short time after that.
Literary significance

While in some respects it is a 'romantic thriller', interwoven with intrigue and adventures, the novel is also an exploration of human nature and psychology and court politics.
The novel is cited as an early example of realism, a stark contrast to the Romantic style popular while Stendhal was writing. It is considered by many authors to be a truly seminal work; Honoré de Balzac considered it the most significant novel of his time,[2]Tolstoy was heavily influenced by Stendhal's treatment of the Battle of Waterloo and his own version of the Battle of Borodino is a central part of his novel War and Peace.
Criticism

Stendhal wrote the book in just 52 days (from November 4, 1839 to December 26 of the same year). As a result there are some poorly introduced plot elements (such as the poet-bandit-assassin Ferrante who suddenly appears in the story; even the author admits that he should have mentioned Ferrante's relationship to Gina earlier in the story).[3]
Interpretations

· The novel was filmed in 1948 as La Chartreuse de Parme, directed by Christian-Jaque and starring Gerard Philipe as Fabricio, Maria Casares as Gina Sanseverina, and Renée Faure as Clelia Conti.[4]
· Bernardo Bertolucci claimed to have based his 1964 film Prima della rivoluzione (Before the Revolution), on the novel.[5]
· In 1981 the novel was turned into a TV series, La Certosa di Parma, directed by Mauro Bolognini, an Italian-French-German co-production.[

09-04-2011, 10:05 PM

المشاركة 47

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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الروائي ستاندال

Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. Known for his acute analysis of his characters' psychology, he is considered one of the earliest and foremost practitioners of realism in his two novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).

عرف عن ستاندال انه كان بارع في تحليل نفسيات شخوص رواياته وعرف انه من اول من كتب الروايات الواقعية
Born in Grenoble, Isère, he had an unhappy childhood in what he found to be stifling provincial France, disliking his "unimaginative" father and mourning his mother, who had died when he was young.
ولد في جرينوبل فرنسا وعاش طفولة تعيسه وكره والده الذي لم يمتلك قدرة على التخيل وعانى من فقد الام التي ماتت وهو صغير

His closest friend was his younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady correspondence throughout the first decade of the 19th century.
كان اقرب اصدقاؤه اخته الصغيرة

The military and theatrical worlds of the First French Empire were a revelation to Beyle. He was named an auditor with the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French administration and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy.
حارب مع نابليون في ايطاليا
He travelled extensively in Germany and was part of Napoleon's army in the 1812 invasion of Russia.
سافر كثيرا في المانيا وكان جندي في جيش نابليون الذي هاجم روسيا

After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he left for Italy, where he settled in Milan. He formed a particular attachment to Italy, where he spent much of the remainder of his career, serving as French consul at Trieste and Civitavecchia. His novel The Charterhouse of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italy, which he considered a more sincere and passionate country than Restoration France.

An aside in that novel, referring to a character who contemplates suicide after being jilted, speaks volumes about his attitude towards his home country: "To make this course of action clear to my French readers, I must explain that in Italy, a country very far away from us, people are still driven to despair by love."
يتحدث في روايته هذه عن شخصية تفكر في الانتحار وقد كتب الرواية في 52 يوم ويتحدث فيها البطل عن مشاعره بعد ان تعرض لصدمة

Beyle used the pseudonym "Stendhal" (and over 100 others), and scholars in general believe he borrowed this nom de plume from the German city of Stendal in homage to Johann Joachim Winckelmann.
Stendhal was a dandy and wit about town in Paris, as well as an inveterate womaniser who was obsessed with his sexual conquests. His genuine empathy towards women is evident in his books; Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly of him in The Second Sex. He seems to have preferred desire to consummation. One of his early works is On Love, a rational analysis of romantic passion that was based on his unrequited love for Mathilde, Countess Dembowska, whom he met while living at Milan. This fusion of, and tension between, clear-headed analysis and romantic feeling is typical of Stendhal's great novels; he could be considered a Romantic realist.

Stendhal suffered miserable physical disabilities in his final years as he continued to produce some of his best work.
عانى ستندال كثيرا من اعاقات جسدية في سنوات عمره الاخيرة لكنه استمر في ابداع افضل اعماله

As he noted in his journal, he was taking iodide of potassium and quicksilver to treat his syphilis, resulting in swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, pains in his shrunken testicles, sleeplessness, giddiness, roaring in the ears, racing pulse and tremors so bad he could scarcely hold a fork or a pen. In
كان يتناول بعض الادوية لمعالجة مرض السفلس وكان يعاني من عدم قدرة على البلع والام حادة وقلق وعدم قدره على النوم وسماع اصوات في اذنيه وتسارع في نبضات القلب وارتجاف يمنعه من الامساك بالقلم

deed, he dictated Charterhouse in this pitiable state. Modern medicine has shown that his health problems were more attributable to his treatment than to his syphilis.

Stendhal died on 22 March 1842, a few hours after collapsing with a seizure on the streets of Paris. He is interred in the Cimetière de Montmartre.
مات في باريس في عام 1842 بعد ان تعرض لنوبة في الشارع

Works

Contemporary readers did not fully appreciate Stendhal's realistic style during the Romantic period in which he lived; he was not fully appreciated until the beginning of the 20th century. He dedicated his writing to "the Happy Few."
اهدى اعماله للقلة السعيدة

This is often interpreted as a dedication to the few who could understand his writing, or as a sardonic reference to the happy few who are born into prosperity (the latter interpretation is supported by the likely source of the quotation, Canto 11 of Byron's Don Juan, a frequent reference in the novel, which refers to "the thousand happy few" who enjoy high society), or as a reference to those who lived without fear or hatred.
ويعتقد انه قصد بالقله السعيدة اؤلئك الذين عاشوا من غير خوف او كره
It may also refer, given Stendhal's experience of the Napoleonic wars, to the "we few, we happy few, we band of brothers" line of Shakespeare's Henry V. He did have influence as a literary critic. In Racine and Shakespeare he championed the Romantic aesthetic, comparing the rules and strictures of Racine's classicism unfavorably to the freer verse and settings of Shakespeare, and supporting the writing of plays in prose.
Today, Stendhal's works attract attention for their irony and psychological and historical dimensions.
هذه الايام ينجذب القراء لاعماله لابعادها النفسية والتاريخية
Stendhal was an avid fan of music, particularly the works of the composers Cimarosa, Mozart and Rossini. He wrote a biography about Rossini, Vie de Rossini (1824), now more valued for its wide-ranging musical criticism than for its historical content.
In his works, Stendhal "plagiarized", reprised, appropriated, excerpts from Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.[2][3][4][5]
Novels

· Armance (1827)
· Le Rouge et le Noir (variously translated as Scarlet and Black, Red and Black, The Red and the Black, 1830)
· Lucien Leuwen (1835, unfinished, published 1894)
· La Chartreuse de Parme (1839) (The Charterhouse of Parma)
· Lamiel (1839–1842, unfinished, published 1889)
Novellas

· The Pink and the Green (1837, unfinished)
· Mina de Vanghel (1830, later published in La Revue des Deux Mondes)
· Vanina Vanini (1829)
· Italian Chroniques, 1837–1839
o Vittoria Accoramboni
o The Cenci (Les Cenci, 1837)
o The Duchess of Palliano (La Duchesse de Palliano)
o The Abbess of Castro (L'Abbesse de Castro, 1832)
Biography

· A Life of Napoleon (1817–1818, published 1929)
· A Life of Rossini (1824)
Autobiography

Stendhal's brief memoir, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist) was published posthumously in 1892. Also published was a more extended autobiographical work, thinly disguised as the Life of Henry Brulard.
· The Life of Henry Brulard (1835–1836, published 1890)
· Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of an Egotist, published in 1892)
· Journal (1801–1817) (The Private Diaries of Stendhal)
Non-fiction

· Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1835) (Racine and Shakespeare)
· De L'Amour (1822) (On Love)
His other works include short stories, journalism, travel books (among them Rome, Naples et Florence and Promenades dans Rome), a famous collection of essays on Italian painting, and biographies of several prominent figures of his time, including Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini and Metastasio.
Stendhal syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome
In 1817 Stendhal reportedly was overcome by the cultural richness of Florence he encountered when he first visited the Tuscan city. As he described in his book Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio:
As I emerged from the porch of Santa Croce, I was seized with a fierce palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Berlin, is referred to as an attack of the nerves); the well-spring of life was dried up within me, and I walked in constant fear of falling to the ground.
The condition was diagnosed and named in 1979 by Italian psychiatrist Dr. Graziella Magherini, who had noticed similar psychosomatic conditions (racing heart beat, nausea and dizziness) amongst first-time visitors to the city.
In homage to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Paris to Venice the Stendhal Express

One of the most original French writers of the first half of the 19th century, who played a major role in the development of the modern novel. Stendhal is best known for his masterpieces LE ROUGE ET LE NOIR (1830) and LA CHARTREUSE DE PARME (1839), sharp and passionate chronicles of the intellectual and moral climate of France after Napoleon's defeat. Stendhal also wrote travel books, literature and art reviews, and biographies about such composers as W.A. Mozart and Joseph Haydn. Stendhal's subjects are often melodramatic, but they form a fascinating frame for his psychologically deep stories of selfishness and different paths towards self-discovery.

اتصفت كتاباته بأنها ملودرامية لكنه امتاز بقدرته على وصف نفسيات شخوصه والمتملثه في الانانية واكتشاف الذات

"A novel is a mirror that strolls along a highway. Now it reflects the blue of the skies, now the mud puddles underfoot." (from Le Rouge et le Noir)

Stendhal was born Marie-Henri Beyle in Grenoble, a district of France, which he disliked. His father was a well-to-do lawyer and landowner. Stendhal's mother died when he was seven, and his pious aunt took care of his education with a Jesuit priest; he hated them both.
ماتت امه وعمره 7 سنوات
اعتنت به عمته بمساعدة قسيس وقد كره الاثنين

At the age of 16 Stendhal moved to Paris to study and to become a playwright.
في سن الـ 16 انتقل الى باريس للدراسة لبصبح كاتب مسرحي لكنه التحق لاحقا بجيش نابليون بواسطة احد اقاربه

ولد في جرينوبل فرنسا وعاش طفولة تعيسه وكره والده الذي لم يمتلك قدرة على التخيل وعانى من فقد الام التي ماتت وهو صغير

يتيم الام وهو في الـ 7

09-04-2011, 10:10 PM

المشاركة 48

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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والان ننتقل للحديث عن الرواية :

14 ـ الكونت دي مونت كريستو، للمؤلف، الكسندر دوماس.
تروي هذة القصة قصة شاب اتهم زوراً بأنه من الموالين لسياسة "نابليون بونابرت" وأنه يريد إطاحة الملك الجديد ليعود نابليون إلى الحكم. هذه التهمة جعلته يقضي فترة من الزمن في سجن يقع على إحدى الجزر النائية في المحيط، وجعلته أيضاً يخلف وعده لخطيبته بالزواج منها. ولكن لماذا اتهم بالتحريض؟ وما مضمون الرسالة التي حملها إلى رجل في جزيرة ألبا؟ هذا ما سيطالعه القارئ في هذه القصة المترجمة التي تعد من أجمل ما كتب في الإنتقام. نبذة الناشر:عرض لنا إسكندر دوماس في هذا الكتاب قصة الغيرة والضرر والخيانة بين الأصدقاء فإذا مونتس هذا سيصبح قبطاناً لأعظم باخرة تجارية وهو في عز الشباب مما يحسده على ذلك أحد أصدقائه الذين يشي به على الدولة فيكون السجن نصيبه ثم يساق إلى السجن ويذهب إلى تلك الجزيرة حيث يحصل على الكنز والغنى ويعود إلى أهله وخطيبته بعد طول غياب.

The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. It is often considered to be, along with The Three Musketeers, Dumas's most popular work. He completed the work in 1844. Like many of his novels, it is expanded from the plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet.[1]
The story takes place in France, Italy, islands in the Mediterranean and the Levant during the historical events of 1815–1838 (from just before the Hundred Days through to the reign of Louis-Philippe of France). The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book. It is an adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope, justice, vengeance, mercy and forgiveness.
The book is considered a literary classic today. According to Luc Sante, "The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization's literature, as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse, Noah's flood, and the story of Little Red Riding Hood."[2]
The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Luc Sante describes the effect in Europe at the time as follows:
The effect of the serials, which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves, maybe something like that of a particularly gripping television series. Day after day, at breakfast or at work or on the street, people talked of little else.[3]
George Saintsbury stated that "Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries."[4] This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles."[5] The title Monte Cristo lives on in a "famous gold mine, a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich, and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in the name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte."[6]

09-04-2011, 11:25 PM

المشاركة 49

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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ألكسندر دوما (Alexandre Dumas) أو ألكزندر دوما الأب (بالفرنسية: Alexandre Dumas, père‏) (مواليد 24 يوليو عام 1802، وفيات في 5 ديسمبر 1870). هو كاتب وروائي فرنسي شهير، يعرف بقصصه التاريخية المليئة بالإثارة والمغامرة والتي جعلت منه واحدا من أشهر الكتاب الفرنسيين في العالم.
ألف العديد من القصص الشهيرة مثل (الكونت دي مونت كريستو) و(الفرسان الثلاثة). أيضا كتب العديد من المسرحيات والمقالات.

حياته
ولد في قرية في شمال شرق باريس تسمى فيلير كوتغي (villers-cotterets) ,كان جده من النبلاء ولكنه تزوج من فتاه من الكاريبي ذات أصول أفريقية. والده اسمه توماس ألكسندر تزوج من اليزبيث مارى لويس وأنجبا ألكسندر دوما.

كان والده جنرال في جيش نابليون، ولقد أصبته حمى مما أقعده وبعد فترة مات على أثرها تاركا عائلته في ظروف مادية صعبة. كان ألكسندر في الثالثة من العمر حين توفى والده ولقد حاولت أمه لكى تجعله يكمل دراسته ولكن الظروف الماديه حالت دون ذلك ولكن هذا لم يمنعه من القراءه فلقد كان ألكسندر شغوفا بالقراءة منذ صغره وكان يقرأ كل ما تصل اليه يده.

في سنوات طفولته كانت والدته حريصة أن تحكى له عن والده وحياته وبطولاته وسنوات مجد نابوليون مما أثار خيال ألكسندر عن حياة المغامرات والأبطال.
في عام 1822 أنتقل دوما إلى باريس وساعدته أصوله الأرستقراطية على الالتحاق بوظيفة في القصر الملكي في مكتب الدوق لويس فليب دوق أورلين. ومن ثم عمل في بلاط ملك فرنسا لويس فيليب (Louis Philippe).

الكتابة

في أثناء عمله في باريس بدأ ألكسندر الكتابه وكانت أولى كتاباته مسرحية (هنرى الثالث وبلاطه)و لقد لاقت المسرحية نجاح جماهيري كبير وفي العام التالى حققت مسرحيته التاليه (كريستين) نجاح مماثل مما جعله قادر ماديا على التفرغ للكتابه. و بناء على طلب الصحف لقصه مسلسله قام دوماس بأعاده كتابه أحد مسرحياته على هيئه قصه مسلسله تحت عنوان (الكابتن بول) le capitaine paul.في الفترة من عام 1839 وحتى 1841 وبمساعده بعض من أصدقائه قام ألكسندر بعمل كتاب على ثمانيه أجزاء عن أشهر الجرائم في التاريخ اللأوروبى واعقدها. في عام 1840 كتب دوما قصته (The FencingMaster) والتي تناول فيها الأوضاع في روسيا وبعض الأضطرابات التي حدثت هناك الأمر الذي أثار غضب القيصر نيكولاس الأول وتسبب في منع دوماس من دخول روسيا طوال حياه القيصر نيكولاس الأول حتى توفى القيصر. كان لدوماس عده أبناء وسمى أحدهم باسم والده والغريب أن هذا الولد كان أيضا موهب ف الكتابه وكانت له أعمال ناجحه أيضا وللتشابه بينهما في الاسم والمهنه أصبح يقال ألكسندر دوماس الأب وألكسندر دوماس الأبن. كسب دوماس الكثير من الأموال من كتاباته ومع ذلك فقد كان على شفا الأفلاس عده مرات وذلك لأسرافه الزائد وحياه البذخ وكثرة الصدقائه المرفهين على حسابه وضيوفه التي كان يعيشها بالأضافه إلى القلعه الكبيره الفارهة التي بناها خارج باريس والتي تعرف باسم قلعه مونت كريستو والتي كانت دائما مليئه بالضيوف والزوار. بعد الذهاب بالملك لويس فليب في أنقلاب، لم يكن دوماس مفضل عند الرئيس المنتخب وهو لويس نابوليون بونابرت مما أضطره للسفر إلى بلجيكا ومنها إلى روسيا التي كانت اللغه الفرنسيه هي اللغه الثانيه فيها فكانت مؤلفاته تحظى بشعبيه كبيره.عاش دوماس عامين في روسيا قبل أن ينطلق خارجها ليبحث عن قصص ومغامرات جديده. عاد ألكسندر دوماس إلى باريس في عام 1864. على الرغم من نجاح دوماس الكبير والجزء الأرستقراطى فيه إلا أن أصوله الكختلطه قد أثرت عليه طوال حياته حتى أنه في عام 1843 كتب قصه (georges) والتي تناول فيها النظره العنصريه السود وعن الأستعمار.

الدراما
على الرغم من شهره دوماس ككاتب قصص ولكنه أشتهر في بداباته كمؤلف دراما. كانت مسرحية (هنرى الثالث وبلاطه) من ـوائل الدراما التاريخيه الرومانسيه التي يقدمها المسرح في باريس ثم تلاها أعمال أخرى ناجحه مثل (أنطونيو) عام 1831 و(كين) عام 1836.
[
مؤلفاته
ألف ألكسندر دوماس العديد من القصص الرائعه ذات طابع تاريخي ملئ بأجواء الأثاره والمغامره ومن أهمها:

الفرسان الثلاثة: عام 1844.
بعد عشرين عاما: عام 1845.
كونت دي مونت كريستو: عام 1845 - 1846.
الملكة مارجو: عام 1845.
الرجل ذو القناع الحديدي: عام 1847 وكانت قصه من ثلاثه في كتاب واحد.
الحراس الخمسة وأربعون: عام 1847.
عقد الملكة: عام 1849 -1850.
قائد الذئاب: عام 1857.
لصوص الذهب: عام 1857.
هنري الثالث وبلاطه (Henri III et sa Cour)
الزنبقة السوداء (La Tulipe Noir)

و العديد من القصص الأخرى ,كما كان دوماس يكتب العديد من المقالات في السياسه والثقافة وأيضا كان يكتب كتب عن التاريخ الفرنسي.عرف أيضا ككاتب رحاله وله مؤلفات عديده في هذا السياق مثل

(انطباعات السفر) سويسرا عام 1834.
(عام في فلورنسا) عام 1841.
(من باريس إلى كاديز) عام 1847.
(انطباعات السفر) روسيا عام 1860.

بانتيون (pantheon)
دفن ألكسندر دوماس حيث ولد في مقابر قريته حتى كان عام 2002 عندما أمر الرئيس جاك شيراك بنقل رفاته في تابوت جديد مغطى بقماش مخملى أزرق وتم نقل التابوت في جنازه نقلها التلفزيون وفي حراسه أربعه حراس يرتدون ملابس مثل ملابس الفرسان في قصته الشهيره الفرسان الثلاثه إلى مقبرة االعظماء في باريس أو بانتيون، كما تحول بيته خارج باريس إلى مزار وتم فتحه للجماهير.

Alexandre Dumas, pronounced: [a.lɛk.sɑ̃dʁ dy.ma], born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie ([dy.ma da.vi də pa.jət.ʁi]) (24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870) was a French writer, best known for his historical novels of high adventure which have made him one of the most widely read French authors in the world. Many of his novels, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After, and The Vicomte de Bragelonne were originally serialized. He also wrote plays and magazine articles and was a prolific correspondent. Born in poverty, Dumas was the grandson of a French nobleman and a Haitian slave.

Alexandre Dumas was born in Villers-Cotterêts in the department of Aisne, in Picardy, France.

Dumas' paternal grandparents were Marquis Alexandre-Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman and Général commissaire in the Artillery in the colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Marie-Cesette Dumas, an Afro-Caribbean Creole of mixed French and African ancestry.[2][3] Their son, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, married Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the daughter of an innkeeper. Thomas-Alexandre, then a general in Napoleon's army, fell out of favor and the family was impoverished when Dumas was born.

Thomas-Alexandre died in 1806.
مات الكسندر الاب عام 1806 .

His widow was unable to provide her son with much of an education, but Dumas read everything he could obtain.
لم تتمكن الام من تعليم ابنها لكنه قرأ كل ما وقعت عليه يديه

His mother's stories of his father's bravery during the years of Napoleon I of France inspired Dumas' vivid imagination for adventure.
قصص والدته عن بطولة والده خلال مشاركته في حروب نابليون الهبت خيال دوماس

Although poor, the family had their father's distinguished reputation and aristocratic position.
على الرغم من الفقر الذي عانت منه العائلة لكنها كانت تتمع بسمعة فنية جيدة وسمعة طيبة

In 1822, after the restoration of the monarchy, 20-year old Alexandre Dumas moved to Paris, where he worked at the Palais Royal in the office of duc d'Orléans (Louis Philippe).

يتم الاب في سن الـ 3

09-05-2011, 08:53 AM

المشاركة 50

ايوب صابر

مراقب عام سابقا

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والان ننتقل للحديث عن سر الروعة لدى :

15 ـ سيبيل، للمؤلف بنجامين ديسرايلي.

Sybil, or The Two Nations is an 1845 novel by Benjamin Disraeli. Published in the same year as Friedrich Engels's The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, Sybil traces the plight of the working classes of England. As the title suggests, Disraeli is interested in dealing with the horrific conditions in which the majority of England's working classes lived — or, what is generally called the Condition of England question.
تعالج الرواية الظروف المرعبة للطبقة العاملة البريطانية
The book is a roman à thèse, or a novel with a thesis — which was meant to create a propagandistic furor over the squalor that was plaguing England's working class cities.
Disraeli's novel was made into a silent film called Sybil in 1921, starring Evelyn Brent and Cowley Wright.

The subtitle, "The Two Nations", has five main sources:

Plato writes in The Republic that each city contains two cities "warring with each other, one of the poor, the other of the rich."
1805: Charles Hall writes, "The people in a civilised state may be divided into different orders; but for the purpose of investigating the manner in which they enjoy or are deprived of the requisites to support the health of their bodies and minds, they need only be divided into two classes, viz., the rich and the poor."
1835: Alexis de Tocqueville writes of "two rival nations" (the rich and the poor).
1841: William Channing writes, "In most large cities there may be said to be two nations, understanding as little of one another, having as little intercourse as if they lived in different lands."
1845: Engels writes that the working class and the bourgeoisie are like "two radically dissimilar nations, as unlike as difference of race could make them."

Disraeli's interest in this subject stemmed from his involvement in the Chartist movement, a working-class political reformist movement sometimes referred to as the most successful failure of Victorian England. Thomas Carlyle sums up the movement in his 1839 essay "Chartism". The essay begins by stating, "A feeling very generally exists that the condition and disposition of the Working Classes is a rather ominous matter at present; that something ought to be said, something ought to be done, in regard to it." Chartism failed as a parliamentary movement (bills in Parliament were twice struck down); however, five of the six central tenets of Chartism would become a reality during the 19th century. The only one never to become a reality would be Annual Parliaments.

Chartism demanded:

Universal suffrage for men
Secret Ballot
Removal of property requirements for Parliament
Salaries for Members of Parliament (MPs)
Electoral districts
Annually elected Parliament